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superformat (1)
>> superformat (1) ( Linux man: Команды и прикладные программы пользовательского уровня )
Name
superformat - format floppies
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superformat is used to format disks with a capacity of up to
1992K HD or 3984K ED. See section Extended formats, for a detailed
description of these formats. See section Media description, for a detailed
description of the syntax for the media description. If no media
description is given, superformat formats a disk in the highest
available density for that drive, using standard parameters (i.e. no
extra capacity formats).
When the disk is formatted, superformat automatically invokes
mformat in order to put an MS-DOS filesystem on it. You may
ignore this filesystem, if you don't need it.
Superformat allows to format 2m formats. Be aware, however, that these
2m formats were specifically designed to hold an MS-DOS
filesystem, and that they take advantage of the fact that the MS-DOS
filesystem uses redundant sectors on the first track (the FAT, which is
represented twice). The second copy of the FAT is not represented
on the disk.
High capacity formats are sensitive to the exact rotation speed of the
drive and the resulting difference in raw capacity. That's why
superformat performs a measurement of the disks raw capacity
before proceeding with the formatting. This measurement is rather time
consuming, and can be avoided by storing the relative deviation of the
drive capacity into the drive definition file file. See section Drive
descriptions, for more details on this file. The line to be inserted
into the drive definition file is printed by superformat after
performing its measurement. However, this line depends on the drive and
the controller. Do not copy it to other computers. Remove it before
installing another drive or upgrade your floppy controller. Swap the
drive numbers if you swap the drives in your computer.
Common Options
Many options have a long and a short form.
-h
--help
Print the help.
-D drive
--dosdrive dos-drive
Selects DOS drive letter for mformat (for example a: or
b:). The colon may be omitted. The default is derived from the
minor device number. If the drive letter cannot be guessed, and is not
given on the command line, mformat is skipped.
-v verbosity-level
--verbosity verbosity-level
Sets the verbosity level. 1 prints a dot for each formatted track. 2
prints a changing sign for each formatted track (- for formatting the
first head, = for formatting the second head, x for verifying the
first head, and + for verifying the second head). 3 prints a complete
line listing head and track. 6 and 9 print debugging information.
--superverify
Verifies the disk by first reading the track, than writing a pattern of
U's, and then reading it again. This is useful as some errors only show
up after the disk has once been written. However, this is also slower.
-B
--dosverify
Verifies the disk using the mbadblocks program.
mbadblocks marks the bad sectors as bad in the FAT. The
advantage of this is that disks which are only partially bad can still
be used for MS-DOS filesystems.
-V
--verify_later
Verifies the whole disk at the end of the formatting process instead
of at each track. Verifying the disk at each track has the advantage
of detecting errors early on.
-f
--noverify
Skips the verification altogether.
Advanced Options
Usually, superformat uses sensible default values for these options,
which you normally don't need to override. They are intended for expert
users. Most of them should only be needed in cases where the hardware
or superformat itself has bugs.
-b begin-track
--begin_track begin-track
Describes the track where to begin formatting. This is useful if the
previous formatting failed halfway through. The default is 0.
-e end-track
--end_track end-track
Describes where to stop formatting. end_track is the last track to
be formatted plus one. This is mainly useful for testing purposes. By
default, this is the same as the total number of tracks. When the
formatting stops, the final skew is displayed (to be used as absolute
skew when you'll continue).
-S sizecode
--sizecode sizecode
Set the sector size to be used. The sector size is 128 * (2 ^
sizecode). Sector sizes below 512 bytes are not supported, thus
sizecode must be at least 2. By default 512 is assumed, unless you ask
for more sectors than would fit with 512 bytes.
--stretch stretch
Set the stretch factor. The stretch factor describes how many physical
tracks to skip to get to the next logical track (2 ^ stretch). On
double density 5 1/4 disks, the tracks are further apart from each
other.
-G fmt-gap
--format_gap fmt-gap
Set the formatting gap. The formatting gap tells how far the sectors
are away from each other. By default, this is chosen so as to evenly
distribute the sectors along the track.
-F final-gap
--final_gap final-gap
Set the formatting gap to be used after the last sector.
-i interleave
--interleave interleave
Set the sector interleave factor.
-c chunksize
--chunksize chunksize
Set the size of the chunks. The chunks are small auxiliary sectors
used during formatting. They are used to handle heterogeneous sector
sizes (i.e. not all sectors have the same size) and negative
formatting gaps.
--biggest-last
For MSS formats, make sure that the biggest sector is last on the track.
This makes the format more reliable on drives which are out of spec.
--zero-based
Formats the disk with sector numbers starting at 0, rather than
1. Certain CP/M boxes or Music synthesizers use this format. Those disks
can currently not be read/written to by the standard Linux read/write
API; you have to use fdrawcmd to access them. As disk verifying is done
by this API, verifying is automatically switched off when formatting
zero-based.
Sector skewing options
In order to maximize the user data transfer rate, the sectors are
arranged in such a way that sector 1 of the new track/head comes under
the head at the very moment when the drive is ready to read from that
track, after having read the previous track. Thus the first sector of
the second track is not necessarily near the first sector of the first
track. The skew value describes for each track how far sector number
1 is away from the index mark. This skew value changes for each head
and track. The amount of this change depends on how fast the disk
spins, and on how much time is needed to change the head or the track.
--absolute_skew absolute-skew
Set the absolute skew. This skew value is used for the first formatted
track. It is expressed in raw bytes.
--head_skew head-skew
Set the head skew. This is the skew added for passing from head 0 to
head 1. It is expressed in raw bytes.
--track_skew track-skew
Set the track skew. This is the skew added for seeking to the next
track. It is expressed in raw bytes.
Example: (absolute skew=3, head skew=1, track skew=2)
track 0 head 0: 4,5,6,1,2,3 (skew=3)
track 0 head 1: 3,4,5,6,1,2 (skew=4)
track 1 head 0: 1,2,3,4,5,6 (skew=0)
track 1 head 1: 6,1,2,3,4,5 (skew=1)
track 2 head 0: 4,5,6,1,2,3 (skew=3)
track 2 head 1: 3,4,5,6,1,2 (skew=4)
N.B. For simplicity's sake, this example expresses skews in units of
sectors. In reality, superformat expects the skews to be expressed in
raw bytes.
Examples
In all the examples of this section, we assume that drive 0 is a 3 1/2
and drive 1 a 5 1/4.
The following example shows how to format a 1440K disk in drive 0:
superformat /dev/fd0 hd
The following example shows how to format a 1200K disk in drive 1:
superformat /dev/fd1 hd
The following example shows how to format a 1440K disk in drive 1:
superformat /dev/fd1 hd sect=18
The following example shows how to format a 720K disk in drive 0:
superformat /dev/fd0 dd
The following example shows how to format a 1743K disk in drive 0 (83
cylinders times 21 sectors):
superformat /dev/fd0 sect=21 cyl=83
The following example shows how to format a 1992K disk in drive 0 (83
cylinders times 2 heads times 12 KB per track)
superformat /dev/fd0 tracksize=12KB cyl=83 mss
The following example shows how to format a 1840K disk in drive 0. It
will have 5 2048-byte sectors, one 1024-byte sector, and one 512-byte
sector per track:
All these formats can be autodetected by mtools, using the floppy
driver's default settings.
Troubleshooting
FDC busy, sleeping for a second
When another program accesses a disk drive on the same controller as the
one being formatted, superformat has to wait until the other
access is finished. If this happens, check whether any other program
accesses a drive (or whether a drive is mounted), kill that program (or
unmount the drive), and the format should proceed normally.
I/O errors during verification
Your drive may be too far out of tolerance, and you may thus need to
supply a margin parameter. Run floppymeter (see section floppymeter)
to find out an appropriate value for this parameter, and add the
suggested margin parameter to the command line
Bugs
Opening up new window while superformat is running produces
overrun errors. These errors are benign, as the failed operation is
automatically retried until it succeeds.
