Date: Mon, 20 Jun 2005 14:51:26 +0100
To: [email protected]
From: Roy Hills <Roy.Hills@nta-monitor.com.>
Subject: Cisco VPN Concentrator Groupname Enumeration Vulnerability
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Cisco VPN Concentrator Groupname Enumeration Vulnerability
1. Overview:
NTA Monitor has discovered a groupname enumeration vulnerability in the
Cisco VPN 3000 series concentrator products while performing a VPN security
test for a customer.
The vulnerability affects remote access VPNs with groupname
authentication. Site-to-site VPN operation is not affected, nor is remote
access with certificate authentication. In practice, we find that most
concentrators are configured for remote access with groupname
authentication, so this bug will affect the majority of users.
The vulnerability allows an attacker to use a dictionary attack to
determine valid group names on the concentrator. Once a valid group name
is determined, the attacker can then use this to obtain a hash from the
concentrator, which can then be cracked offline to determine the group
password.
Once an attacker has a valid groupname and group password, they can
potentially mount a Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack against the XAUTH user
authentication mechanism. This allows the attacker to snoop on VPN
traffic, alter VPN traffic, or gain access to the network protected by the
VPN. This MitM attack works even if strong authentication such as SecurID
is used for user authentication.
2. Vulnerability Details:
The vulnerability allows an attacker to enumerate valid groupnames on a
Cisco VPN concentrator through either a dictionary attack, or a brute-force
attack. The issue exists because the concentrator responds to valid
groupnames differently to the way in which it responds to invalid groupnames.
The exploit involves sending an IKE Aggressive Mode packet with the
groupname to be tested in the Identity (ID) payload. The ID Type is 11,
which corresponds to ID_KEY_ID. If the specified groupname is valid, the
concentrator will respond; if it is not valid, then the concentrator will
not respond. The ike-scan tool can be used to demonstrate this vulnerability.
The vulnerability is present in both normal IKE over UDP, and also Cisco
proprietary TCP-encapsulated IKE. The ike-scan tool can use either
transport type: for Cisco IKE in TCP, you need to specify the option
--tcp=2. When using TCP encapsulation, an invalid groupname causes the
concentrator to send a TCP RST packet, which causes ike-scan to return the
error message "recvfrom: Connection reset by peer".
The groupname guessing rate depends on the bandwidth between the attacker's
system and the concentrator. Because most of the group names tried will be
incorrect, and therefore the concentrator won't respond, it's only the
bandwidth from the attacker to the concentrator that matters; the bandwidth
from the concentrator back to the attacker is not important.
An IKE aggressive mode packet with a single transform, using Diffie-Hellman
group 2, and having an eight character groupname has an IKE packet size of
256 bytes. Adding the eight byte UDP header and 20 byte IP header gives a
total size of 284 bytes or 2,272 bits. Assuming a link speed of
2Mbits/sec, this gives a guessing rate of 2,000,000 / 2,272 = 880 guesses
per second.
A guessing rate of 880 per second is 3,168,000 per hour or 76,032,000 per
day. This rate is sufficient to perform an extensive dictionary attack, or
a limited brute-force attack. The concentrator does not limit the
groupname guessing rate, nor does it blacklist hosts that perform groupname
enumeration: in tests, it was possible to get a successful response to a
valid groupname immediately after thousands of incorrect attempts.
Once a valid groupname is obtained, it is possible to use this groupname to
obtain a hash from the concentrator, and mount an offline password-guessing
attack against this hash to obtain the group password. Because the
password-guessing process is offline, it is fast (hundreds of thousands of
guesses per second), and will not cause the concentrator to log any
authentication failures.
A valid groupname and password allows the attacker to complete IKE Phase-1
and establish an ISAKMP SA to the concentrator. They can then mount a
Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack against the second-stage
user-authentication process, which is typically XAUTH.
The offline password guessing process and MitM attack against XAUTH are
detailed in the VPN flaws whitepaper at
http://www.nta-monitor.com/news/vpn-flaws/VPN-Flaws-Whitepaper.pdf.
3. Example:
The example below shows the two different concentrator responses: the first
is for the valid groupname "finance", and the second is for the invalid
groupname "administration". We see that the concentrator responds to valid
groupname, but not to the invalid one. Because of this difference in
behaviour, it is possible to determine whether a given groupname is valid
or not.
The ike-scan options used in this example are:
-A Specify IKE Aggressive Mode. The default for ike-scan is
Main Mode.
--idtype=11 Specify ID Type 11 for the ID payload. This corresponds to
ID_KEY_ID.
-M Multiline: Display each payload on a separate line, which
makes the output easier to read.
--auth=65001 Specify authentication method 65001, which corresponds to
XAUTH.
--id=finance Specify the string to be used for the ID payload.
10.0.0.1 The IP address of the target VPN concentrator.
3.1. Response to valid groupname "finance":
$ ike-scan -A --idtype=11 -M --auth=65001 --id=finance 10.0.0.1
Starting ike-scan 1.7.2 with 1 hosts (http://www.nta-monitor.com/ike-scan/)
10.0.0.1 Aggressive Mode Handshake returned
SA=(Enc=3DES Hash=MD5 Group=2:modp1024 Auth=XAUTH LifeType=Seconds
LifeDuration=28800)
KeyExchange(128 bytes)
Nonce(20 bytes)
ID(Type=ID_IPV4_ADDR, Value=10.0.0.1)
Hash(16 bytes)
VID=12f5f28c457168a9702d9fe274cc0100 (Cisco Unity)
VID=09002689dfd6b712 (XAUTH)
VID=afcad71368a1f1c96b8696fc77570100 (Dead Peer Detection)
VID=4048b7d56ebce88525e7de7f00d6c2d3c0000000 (IKE Fragmentation)
VID=65963c60eacf802220adccf628738746
VID=1f07f70eaa6514d3b0fa96542a500400 (Cisco VPN Concentrator)
Ending ike-scan 1.7.2: 1 hosts scanned in 0.423 seconds (2.36 hosts/sec). 1
returned handshake;
0 returned notify
3.2. Response to invalid groupname "administration":
$ ike-scan -A --idtype=11 -M --auth=65001 --id=administration 10.0.0.1
Starting ike-scan 1.7.2 with 1 hosts (http://www.nta-monitor.com/ike-scan/)
Ending ike-scan 1.7.2: 1 hosts scanned in 0.594 seconds (1.68 hosts/sec). 0
returned handshake;
0 returned notify
4. Affected Versions:
The issue is believed to affect all models of Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator:
3005, 3015, 3020, 3030, 3060 and 3080. We believe that all software
versions prior to 4.1.7.F are vulnerable.
5. Solution:
Upgrade to software version 4.1.7.F or later. Cisco customers with a valid
login may obtain the new software from the Cisco website. Cisco has stated
in the release notes that this software version is not vulnerable to the
issue, but NTA Monitor have not verified this claim.
Alternatively, use certificate authentication rather than group
authentication. This vulnerability does not apply to certificate
authentication.
6. Timeline:
The vulnerability was first discovered on 8th July 2004, and was reported
to Cisco's security team (PSIRT) on 20th September 2004. Cisco were able
to reproduce the issue using the ike-scan tool, and bug ID CSCeg00323 was
opened on 11th October 2004. Software version 4.1.7.F, which claims to
have fixed the issue, was released on 19th May 2005.
7. References:
Cisco Bug ID CSCeg00323 "vpn3k - inconsistent behavior on scanning".
NTA Monitor advisory
http://www.nta-monitor.com/news/vpn-flaws/cisco/VPN-Concentrator/index.htm
8. Other Information:
This is one of the classes of vulnerability discussed in the VPN flaws
whitepaper, which was released in January 2005. This whitepaper is
available at:
http://www.nta-monitor.com/news/vpn-flaws/VPN-Flaws-Whitepaper.pdf
Roy Hills
--
Roy Hills Tel: +44 1634 721855
NTA Monitor Ltd FAX: +44 1634 721844
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