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mknbi - make network bootable image
mknbi-linux [--output=outputfile] kernelimage [ramdisk]
mkelf-linux [--output=outputfile] kernelimage [ramdisk]
mknbi-rom [--output=outputfile] ROM-image
mknbi-fdos [--output=outputfile] kernel.sys floppyimage
mknbi-dos [--output=outputfile] floppyimage
mknbi can be invoked with the ---format and ---target options or links can be made to it under format and target specific names. E.g. mkelf-linux is the same as mknbi --format=elf --target=linux.
---format=format Specify the format of the output. Currently available are nbi and elf. ELF format only works with linux and menu. Otherwise the invocation is the same as for mknbi. In discussions below, the mknbi form is used.
---target=target Specify the target binary. Currently available are linux, menu, rom, fdos and dos. mknbi is not needed for booting FreeBSD.
---output=outputfile Specify the output file, can be used with all variants. Stdout is the default.
The package must be installed in the destination location before the executables can be run, because it looks for library files.
Each of the variants will be described separately.
---append=string Appends the specified string to the existing parameter string. This option operates after the other parameter options have been evaluated.
---rootdir=rootdir Define name of directory to mount via NFS from the boot server.
In the absence of this option, the default is to use the directory "/tftpboot/"%s, with the %s representing the hostname or IP-address of the booting system, depending on whether the hostname attribute is present in the BOOTP/DHCP reply.
If "rom" is given, and if the BOOTP/DHCP server is able to handle the RFC 1497 extensions, the value of the rootpath option is used as the root directory.
If the name given to the option starts with "/dev/", the corresponding device is used as the root device, and no NFS directory will be mounted.
---rootmode="ro|rw" Defines whether the root device will be mounted read-only or read-write respectively. Without this parameter, the default is "rw".
---ip=string Define client and server IP addresses. ---ipaddrs=string is a synonym for the same thing (deprecated, will disappear in some future version).
In the absence of this option no IP addresses are defined, and the kernel will determine the IP addresses by itself, usually by using DHCP, BOOTP or RARP. Note that the kernel's query is in addition to the query made by the bootrom, and requires the IP: kernel level autoconfiguration (CONFIG_IP_PNP) feature to be included in the kernel.
Important note: In Linux kernels 2.2.x where x >= 18, and 2.4.x where x >= 5, it is necessary to specify one of the enabling options in the next paragraph to cause the IP autoconfiguration to be activated. Unlike in previous kernels, IP autoconfiguration does not happen by default.
If one of the following: "off, none, on, any, dhcp, bootp, rarp, both", is given, then the option will be passed unmodified to the kernel and cause that autoconfig option to be chosen.
If "rom" is given as the argument to this option, all necessary IP addresses for NFS root mounting will be inherited from the BOOTP/DHCP answer the bootrom got from the server.
It's also possible to define the addresses during compilation of the boot image. Then, all addresses must be separated by a colon, and ordered in the following way:
"--ip="client:server:gateway:netmask:hostname[:dev[:proto]]
Using this option mknbi-linux will automatically convert system names into decimal IP addresses for the first three entries in this string. The hostname entry will be used by the kernel to set the host name of the booted Linux diskless client. When more than one network interface is installed in the diskless client, it is possible to specify the name of the interface to use for mounting the root directory via NFS by giving the optional value "dev". This entry has to start with the string "eth" followed by a number from 0 to 9. However, if only one interface is installed in the client, this dev entry including the preceding semicolon can be left out. The proto argument is one of the IP autoconfiguration enabling options listed above. (Author: it's not clear to me what the IP autoconfiguration does when the parameters are already specified. Perhaps it's to obtain parameters not specified, e.g. NIS domain.)
---rdbase=top|asis|0xNNNNNNNN Set the ramdisk load address. "top" moves the ramdisk to the top of memory before jumping to the kernel. This is the default if rdbase is not specified. This option requires that first-linux's kernel sizing work correctly. "asis" loads it at 0x100000 (1MB) if the kernel is loaded low; or leaves it just after the kernel in memory, if the kernel is loaded high. For this option to work, the kernel must be able to handle ramdisks at these addresses. I'm told 2.4 kernels can do this, but I have not been able to confirm it. 0xNNNNNNNN moves the ramdisk to the hex address specified. The onus is on the user to specify a suitable address that is acceptable to the kernel and doesn't overlap with any other segments. It will have to be aligned to a 4k byte boundary so you should ensure that this is so. (The last three hex digits must be 0.)
---first16 Use old first stage setup program (first-linux.S). By default the new first stage setup program (first32.c) is used. The new setup program has some advantages, including being able to detect memory > 64 MB and in general being more maintainable. --first16 is only valid for tagged images, not ELF. It will be ignored if specified with ELF.
---first32pm=[program] Use a more efficient protected mode call protocol for the first stage setup program. This requires Etherboot ROMs version 5.0 and above and so is not enabled by default. It can also be used to call extensions to the Etherboot code, which paves the way for additional useful functionality without enlarging the size of the Etherboot footprint. When a program is not specified, the default is to use the standard first stage setup program suitable for booting a Linux kernel. --first32pm is implied by the ELF format and does not have to be specified in this case. Note that you still need the = if you don't specify a program to prevent this option from swallowing up the next argument as = and space are equivalent in the Getopt routine provided by Perl.
---progreturns This option is used in conjunction with and only valid with the --first32pm option to indicate to the Etherboot loader that the called program will return to loader and hence Etherboot should not disable the network device as is the case when the program will never return to Etherboot.
---relocseg=segaddr This option is used to specify a relocation of the Linux first, boot, setup, and parameter segments to another 64k band. Currently the only valid values are 0x9000 and 0x8000, corresponding to linear addresses of 0x90000 and 0x80000 upwards. The default is 0x9000. You also need to relocate Etherboot to 0x84000 if you use the 0x8000 band and your Linux kernel must support relocation which implies a 2.4 kernel at least.
mem=memsize This is not a command line option but a kernel parameter that is intercepted by the first32 stage and used as the top of memory, to match Linux's interpretation. memsize can be suffixed by "G" to indicate gibibytes (times 2^30), "M" to indicate mebibytes (times 2^20) or "K" to indicate kibibytes (times 2^10). Note that the suffixes are uppercase. This kernel parameter can be specified in --append= or option-129 of the DHCP/BOOTP record.
Run the program thus:
"mknbi-linux" kernel-image [ramdisk-image] > "linux.nb"
Then move linux.nb to where the network booting process expects to find it.
"T"number"=""string"""
For example, to specify a different root NFS device, you can use:
"T130="eth1""
The following tags are presently supported by mknbi-linux:
129 The string value given with this tag is appended verbatim to the end of the kernel command line. It can be used to specify arguments like I/O addresses or DMA channels required for special hardware like SCSI adapters, network cards etc. Please consult the Linux kernel documentation about the syntax required by those options. It is the same as the ---append command line option to mknbi-linux, but works at boot time instead of image build time.
130 With this tag it is possible to the select the network adapter used for mounting root via NFS on a multihomed diskless client. The syntax for the string value is the same as for the "dev" entry used with the ---ip= option as described above. However note that the mknbi-linux runtime setup routine does not check the syntax of the string.
The same tags will work in DHCP with the appropriate syntax for your DHCP server configuration file.
Remember that you need to specify tag 128 in the correct format in order for the previous tags to be valid. See the documentation file vendortags.
Run mknbi like this:
"mknbi-rom nic.lzrom" > "nic.nb"
Move nic.nb to where the network booting process expects to find it. The boot ROM will load this as the operating system and execute the ROM image.
Obtain a distribution of FreeDOS with a recent kernel, probably at least 2006. It has been tested with 2012 but nothing older. You can get the FreeDOS kernel here:
"ftp://ftp.gcfl.net/freedos/kernel/"
Follow the instructions to make a bootable floppy. Then get an image of the floppy with:
"dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/tmp/floppyimage"
Also extract kernel.sys from the floppy. You can do this from the image using the mtools package, by specifying a file as a drive with a declaration like this in ~/.mtoolsrc:
"drive x: file="/tmp/floppyimage""
Then run:
"mcopy x:kernel.sys ."
Then run mknbi by:
"mknbi-fdos kernel.sys /tmp/floppyimage" > "freedos.nb"
where kernel.sys and /tmp/floppyimage are the files extracted above. Then move freedos.nb to where the network booting process expects to find it.
If you have got it to netboot successfully, then you can go back and add your files to the floppy image. You can delete kernel.sys in the floppy image to save space, that is not needed. Note that you can create a floppy image of any size you desire with the mformat program from mtools, you are not restricted to the actual size of the boot floppy.
---disableharddisk When the ramdisk is simulating a floppy disk drive, this switch will disable hard disk accesses. This is necessary if the client should use a network file system as drive C:, which is only possible if there are no hard disks found by DOS. This option is incompatible with --harddisk.
---nosquash Do not try to chop unused sectors from the end of the floppy image. This increases the tagged image size and hence loading time if the FAT filesystem on the floppy is mostly empty but you may wish to use this option if you have doubts as to whether the squashing algorithm is working correctly.
---rdbase=0xNNNNNNNN Set the ramdisk load address. The default load address for the ramdisk is 0x110000. It can be moved higher (lower will not work) if for some reason you need to load other stuff at the address it currently occupies. As this is a linear address and not a segment address, the last 4 bits are not used and should be 0.
"dd if=/dev/fd0 of=bootblock bs=512 count=1"
Then get the DOS kernel files (this is correct for DR-DOS, the names are different in MS-DOS, IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS):
"mcopy a:IBMBIO.COM a:IBMDOS.COM a:COMMAND.COM ."
Next make an entry in ~/.mtoolsrc to declare a floppy to be mapped to a file:
"drive x: file="/tmp/floppyimage""
Now format a floppy of the desired size, in this example a 2.88 MB floppy, at the same time writing the bootblock onto it:
"mformat -C -t 80 -s 36 -h 2 -B bootblock x:"
The size of the ``floppy'' is only limited by the limits on the number of cylinders, sectors and heads, which are 1023, 63 and 255 respectively, and the amount of RAM you are willing to allocate to the ``floppy'' in memory. As RAM is precious, choose a size slightly bigger than what is needed to hold your ``floppy'' files.
Finally, copy all your desired files onto the floppy:
"mcopy IBMBIO.COM x:"
"mcopy IBMDOS.COM x:"
"mcopy COMMAND.COM x:"
"mcopy CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT APP.EXE APP.DAT ... x:"
For MS-DOS substitute IO.SYS for IBMIO.COM, and MSDOS.SYS for IBMDOS.COM. The case of the files must be preserved, it may not work if VFAT lower case names are generated in the floppy image. Pay attention to the order of copying as the boot block may expect the first two entries on a newly formatted disk to be IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS. Possibly too COMMAND.COM has to be the third entry so we play safe. Thanks to Phil Davey and Phillip Roa for these tips.
I have reports that the bootblock of MS-DOS 6.22 sometimes fails to boot the ramdisk. You could try using the boot block from Netboot instead of getting the boot block off the floppy. I have provided this boot block in the distribution as altboot.bin, and in source form as altboot.S and boot.inc. One essential thing is to make IO.SYS the first file on the disk, or this bootblock will not work.
If you happen to have a media of the same size you could test if the image is bootable by copying it onto the media, and then booting it:
"dd if=/tmp/floppyimage of=/dev/fd0"
Then run mknbi-dos over the image /tmp/floppyimage to create a tagged image:
"mknbi-dos /tmp/floppyimage" > "dos.nb"
Move dos.nb to where the network booting process expects to find it.
---disableharddisk When the ramdisk is simulating a floppy disk drive, this switch will disable hard disk accesses. This is necessary if the client should use a network file system as drive C:, which is only possible if there are no hard disks found by DOS. This option is incompatible with --harddisk.
---nosquash Do not try to chop unused sectors from the end of the floppy image. This increases the tagged image size and hence loading time if the FAT filesystem on the floppy is mostly empty but you may wish to use this option if you have doubts as to whether the squashing algorithm is working correctly.
---rdbase=0xNNNNNNNN Set the ramdisk load address. The default load address for the ramdisk is 0x110000. It can be moved higher (lower will not work) if for some reason you need to load other stuff at the address it currently occupies. As this is a linear address and not a segment address, the last 4 bits are not used and should be 0.
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