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elmalias - expand and display Elm address aliasesSYNOPSIS
elmalias [ -adenrsuvV ] [ -f format ] [ name ... ] $lib/prlong [ options ... ] < fileDESCRIPTION
Elmalias allows you to examine information about aliases. The alias databases are consulted for each name on the com- mand line, and the alias value is displayed, one value per line of output. If name is not a known alias, then it is displayed unchanged. If no name is given on the command line then all alias values in the databases are displayed. All of these actions are default behaviors that may be modi- fied by command line options. There are two possible alias databases, a user-specific alias file (usually in $HOME/.elm/aliases) and a system-wide alias file (usually in $lib/aliases). By default both files are searched, first the user-specific file and then the system-wide file. If an alias file does not exist then elmalias silently ignores it and continues on. The -s and -u command line options (discussed shortly) can restrict what files are files searched. There are two types of aliases, Person aliases and Group aliases. A Person alias expands to an individual address and a Group alias contains a list of addresses, some of which may be aliases. By default, elmalias displays the defined value of an alias, regardless of type. The -e com- mand line option (discussed shortly) fully expands out Group aliases. The default output produced is just the ``Address'' informa- tion for each name on the command line. A number of command line options (discussed shortly) may be used to select dif- ferent output information or specify a format of your choos- ing. The following information is maintained in the alias databases, and may be accessed by the elmalias utility: o Alias (the alias name) o Last Name o Name (the user's full name) o Comment (not displayed in mail headers) o Address (the alias value) o Type (Person, Group, or Unknown) When the name specified on the command line is not a known alias, both the ``Alias'' and ``Address'' information will display as the name, the ``Type'' information will display as ``Unknown'', and all other items will be blank. The available command line options are: -a Selects an alternative output format. The ``Alias'' information is displayed in addition to and preceding the usual ``Address'' information. -d Turns debugging on. Has no effect unless elmalias was compiled with debugging enabled. -e Tells elmalias to fully expand group aliases. This option can be used only when names are given on the command line. -f The output produced will be in the specified format. Format specifications will be discussed shortly. -n Selects an alternative output format. The ``Name'' information, if it exists, is displayed in addition to and following the usual ``Address'' information. The ``Name'' will be enclosed in parenthesis. -r If a specified name does not correspond to a known alias then elmalias will display a message and exit with a nonzero status. -s Normally elmalias examines both the user-specific and system-wide alias files. This option requests that elmalias use the system-wide alias file, and unless the -u option is also specified the user-specific alias file will be ignored. -u Normally elmalias examines both the user-specific and system-wide alias files. This option requests that elmalias use the user-specific alias file, and unless the -s option is also specified the system-wide alias file will be ignored. -v Selects a verbose output format. Both the ``Alias'' and the ``Name'' information will be displayed in addi- tion to the ``Address'' information. The ``Alias'' information will precede the ``Address'' information, and the ``Name'' information will be enclosed in parenthesis and follow it. If there is no ``Name'' information for this alias then that portion of the output will be ignored. -V Selects a very verbose, multi-line output format. Displays all available information on aliases. The output produced by elmalias is fully customizable with the -f option. The format string uses a syntax similar to date(1) (System V version) and printf(3). The following field descriptors may be used in format specifications: %a Alias (the alias name) %l Last Name %n Name (the user's full name) %c Comment (not displayed in mail headers) %v Address (the alias value) %t Type (Person, Group, or Unknown) Field widths in a [-][m][.n] format (again, similar to printf(3)) may also be used. For example, "%-20.20a" means print the ``Alias'' information left justified in a field twenty characters long, with the value truncated to twenty characters. The following special character sequences are also recog- nized in format specifications: \b A backspace. \f A formfeed. \n A newline. \r A return. \t A tab. \c Literal character ``c''. There is a very simplistic conditional evaluation mechanism that may be used in format specifications. The conditional text should be surrounded by question marks, and a single character that specifies the condition immediately follows the first question mark. The condition characters correspond to the ``%'' field specifier characters, and the condition is true if the corresponding alias information is defined and nonempty. For example, if you want to display the ``Name'' information surrounded by parenthesis, but omit it if the information is not available, you may use ``?n(%n)?'' in the format specification. The command line switches that select an alternative format correspond to the following format specifiers. default "%v" -a "%-20.20a %v" -n "%v?n (%n)?" -v "%-20.20a %v?n (%n)?" -V "Alias:\t\t%a\n\ Address:\t%v\n\ Type:\t\t%t\n\ ?n Name:\t\t%n\n?\ ?l Last Name:\t%l\n?\ ?c Comment:\t%c\n?" The prlong utility formats long amounts of data, folding across multiple lines. It is useful to reformat output of elmalias. Prlong reads data from its standard input, one line at a time, and tries to place as much information as possible on each output line. A field seperator, by default a single space, seperates each input record in the output lines. Every output line is preceded by a leader field. By default the leader of the first output line is an empty string, and the leader for all subsequent output lines is a single tab. prlong will never split an input record. If an input record exceeds the maximum output line length, it will appear unmodified on an output line all by itself. The following options may be used to modify the prlong behavior. -w width Constrains output lines to width columns in length (not counting an appended newline charac- ter). The default is 78 columns. The width calculation assumes that tabstops occur every eight spaces. -f string Seperates each input record with the indicated string when displayed to the output. The default is a single space. -1 string Specifies the leader string used for the first line of output. (This option is the digit ``one''.) The default is an empty string. -l string Specifies the leader string for all subsequent lines of output. (This option is a lower-case ``ell''.) The default is a single tab.EXAMPLES
Consider an aliases.text file that contains: friends = List of Friends = tom, dick, harry tom = Tom Smith = sleepy!tom dick = Dick Jones = dopey!dick harry = = grumpy!harry Below are shown some example commands and the output pro- duced. $ elmalias friends tom,dick,harry $ elmalias mike mike $ elmalias -r mike elmalias: "mike" is not a known alias $ elmalias -n friends tom,dick,harry (List of Friends) $ elmalias -a friends friends tom,dick,harry $ elmalias -V friends Alias: friends Address: tom,dick,harry Type: Group Name: List of Friends Last Name: List of Friends $ elmalias -e friends [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] $ elmalias -ve friends tom [email protected] (Tom Smith) dick [email protected] (Dick Jones) harry [email protected] $ elmalias -f "alias %a is \"%v\" ?n(%n)?" -e friends alias tom is "[email protected]" (Tom Smith) alias dick is "[email protected]" (Dick Jones) alias harry is "[email protected]" $ elmalias -en friends | /usr/lib/elm/prlong -w40 [email protected] (Tom Smith) [email protected] (Dick Jones) [email protected] $ elmalias -en friends | /usr/lib/elm/prlong -1 "To: " -f ", " -w40 To: [email protected] (Tom Smith), [email protected] (Dick Jones), [email protected] The checkalias(1L) and listalias(1L) scripts distributed with the Elm package provide further examples of the elmalias and prlong utilities.AUTHOR
Elm Development GroupSEE ALSO
checkalias(1L), elm(1L), listalias(1L), newalias(1L)BUGS
There is no centralized, comprehensive interface to the Elm 2.4 alias system, so every program in the Elm suite that uses aliases implements its own interfaces. It's possible for inconsistencies to creep in between what elmalias says and what some Elm utility does. If you find an incon- sistency please report it to us! Boy, there sure are a lot of command line switches in this thing. Note that the precedence of aliases is user file then system file. This means that a user can 'overload' an alias by having one defined in the system file also defined in theirs. This shouldn't turn out to be a problem, but is something for the system administrator to keep in mind when creating the system alias file.BUG REPORTS TO
Bill Pemberton [email protected]COPYRIGHTS
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