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NAME
makeindex - a general purpose, formatter-independent index
processor
SYNOPSIS
makeindex [-c] [-g] [-i] [-l] [-o ind] [-p num] [-q] [-r]
[-s sfile] [-t log] [idx0 idx1 idx2...]
DESCRIPTION
The program makeindex is a general purpose hierarchical
index generator; it accepts one or more input files (often
produced by a text formatter such as TeX (tex(1L)) or
troff(1), sorts the entries, and produces an output file
which can be formatted. The index can have up to three lev-
els (0, 1, and 2) of subitem nesting. The way in which
words are flagged for indexing within the main document is
specific to the formatter used; makeindex does not automate
the process of selecting these words. As the output index
is hierarchical, makeindex can be considered complimentary
to the awk(1)-based make.index(1L) system of Bentley and
Kernighan, which is specific to troff(1), generates non-
hierarchical indices, and employs a much simpler syntax for
indicating index entries. For illustration of use with
troff and TeX, see the section EXAMPLES below.
The formats of the input and output files are specified in a
style file; by default, input is assumed to be a .idx file,
as generated by LaTeX.
Unless specified explicitly, the base name of the first
input file (idx0) is used to determine the names of other
files. For each input file name specified, a file of that
name is sought. If this file is not found and the file name
has no extension, the extension .idx is appended. If no
file with this name is found, makeindex aborts.
If exactly one input file was given and no explicit style
file was specified using -s, makeindex uses a file with the
extension .mst as default style file (when present).
For important notes on how to select index keywords, see the
document by Lamport cited below. As an issue separate from
selecting index keywords, a systematic mechanism for placing
index terms in a document is suggested in Index Preparation
and Processing, a paper cited below.
OPTIONS
-c Compress intermediate blanks (ignoring leading and
trailing blanks and tabs). By default, blanks in
the index key are retained.
-g Employ German word ordering in the index, in
accord with rules set forth in DIN 5007. By
default, makeindex employs a word ordering in
which precedence is: symbols, numbers, uppercase
letters, lowercase letters. The sequence in Ger-
man word ordering is: symbols, lowercase letters,
uppercase letters, numbers. Additionally, this
option enables makeindex to recognize the German
TeX-commands {"a, "o, "u and "s} as {ae, oe, ue
and ss} during the sorting of the entries. The
quote character must be redefined in a style file
(for example, redefine quote as '+'). If the
quote character is not redefined, makeindex will
produce an error message and abort.
-i Take input from stdin. When this option is speci-
fied and -o is not, output is written to stdout.
-l Letter ordering; by default, word ordering is used
(see the ORDERING section).
-o ind Employ ind as the output index file. By default,
the file name is created by appending the exten-
sion .ind to the base name of the first input file
(idx0).
-p num Set the starting page number of the output index
file to be num (useful when the index file is to
be formatted separately). The argument num may be
numerical or one of the following:
any The starting page is the last source
page number plus 1.
odd The starting page is the first odd page
following the last source page number.
even The starting page is the first even page
following the last source page number.
The last source page is obtained by searching
backward in the log file for the first instance of
a number included within paired square brackets
([...]). If a page number is missing or the log
file is not found, no attempt will be made to set
the starting page number. The source log file
name is determined by appending the extension .log
to the base name of the first input file (idx0).
-q Quiet mode; send no messages to stderr. By
default, progress and error messages are sent to
stderr as well as to the transcript file.
-r Disable implicit page range formation; page ranges
must be created by using explicit range operators;
see SPECIAL EFFECTS below. By default, three or
more successive pages are automatically abbrevi-
ated as a range (e.g. 1-5).
-s sty Employ sty as the style file (no default). The
environment variable INDEXSTYLE defines the path
where the style file should be found.
-t log Employ log as the transcript file. By default,
the file name is created by appending the exten-
sion .ilg to the base name of the first input file
(idx0).
STYLE FILE
The style file informs makeindex about the format of the
.idx input files and the intended format of the final output
file; examples appear below. This file can reside anywhere
in the path defined by the environment variable INDEXSTYLE.
The style file contains a list of <specifier, attribute>
pairs. There are two types of specifiers: input and output.
Pairs do not have to appear in any particular order. A line
begun by `%' is a comment. In the following list of specif-
iers and arguments, <string> is an arbitrary string delim-
ited by double quotes ("..."), <char> is a single letter
embraced by single quotes ('...'), and <number> is a nonne-
gative integer. The maximum length of a <string> is 2048.
A literal backslash or quote must be escaped (by a
backslash). Anything not specified in the style file will
be assigned a default value, which is shown at the head of
the rightmost column.
INPUT STYLE SPECIFIERS
actual <char> '@'
Symbol indicating that the next
entry is to appear in the output
file.
arg_close <char> '}'
Closing delimiter for the index
entry argument.
arg_open <char> '{'
Opening delimiter for the index
entry argument.
encap <char> '|'
Symbol indicating that the rest of
the argument list is to be used as
the encapsulating command for the
page number.
escape <char> '\\'
Symbol which escapes the following
letter, unless its preceding letter
is escape. Note: quote is used to
escape the letter which immediately
follows it, but if it is preceded
by escape, it is treated as a ordi-
nary character. These two symbols
must be distinct.
keyword <string> "\\indexentry"
Command which tells makeindex that
its argument is an index entry.
level <char> '!'
Delimiter denoting a new level of
subitem.
quote <char> '"'
Note: quote is used to escape the
letter which immediately follows
it, but if it is preceded by
escape, it is treated as a ordinary
character. These two symbols must
be distinct.
range_close <char> ')'
Closing delimiter indicating the
end of an explicit page range.
range_open <char> '('
Opening delimiter indicating the
beginning of an explicit page
range.
OUTPUT STYLE SPECIFIERS
preamble <string> "\\begin{theindex}\n"
Preamble of output file.
postamble <string> "\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"
Postamble of output file.
setpage_prefix <string> "\n \\setcounter{page}{"
Prefix of command which sets the
starting page number.
setpage_suffix <string> "}\n"
Suffix of command which sets the
starting page number.
group_skip <string> "\n\n \\indexspace\n"
Vertical space to be inserted
before a new group begins.
headings_flag <string> 0
Flag indicating treatment of new
group headers, which are inserted
when before a new group (symbols,
numbers, and the 26 letters):
positive values cause an uppercase
letter to be inserted between pre-
fix and suffix, and negative values
cause a lowercase letter to be
inserted (default is 0, which pro-
duces no header).
heading_prefix <string> ""
Header prefix to be inserted before
a new letter begins.
symhead_positive <string>
"Symbols"
Heading for symbols to be inserted
if headings_flag is positive.
symhead_negative <string>
"symbols"
Heading for symbols to be inserted
if headings_flag is negative.
numhead_positive <string>
"Numbers"
Heading for numbers to be inserted
if headings_flag is positive.
numhead_negative <string>
"numbers"
Heading for numbers to be inserted
if headings_flag is negative.
item_0 <string> "\n \\item "
Command to be inserted between two
primary (level 0) items.
item_1 <string> "\n \\subitem "
Command to be inserted between two
secondary (level 1) items.
item_2 <string> "\n \\subsubitem "
Command to be inserted between two
level 2 items.
item_01 <string> "\n \\subitem "
Command to be inserted between a
level 0 item and a level 1 item.
item_x1 <string> "\n \\subitem "
Command to be inserted between a
level 0 item and a level 1 item,
where the level 0 item does not
have associated page numbers.
item_12 <string> "\n \\subsubitem "
Command to be inserted between a
level 1 item and a level 2 item.
item_x2 <string> "\n \\subsubitem "
Command to be inserted between a
level 1 item and a level 2 item,
where the level 1 item does not
have associated page numbers.
delim_0 <string> ", "
Delimiter to be inserted between a
level 0 key and its first page
number (default: comma followed by
a blank).
delim_1 <string> ", "
Delimiter to be inserted between a
level 1 key and its first page
number (default: comma followed by
a blank).
delim_2 <string> ", "
Delimiter to be inserted between a
level 2 key and its first page
number (default: comma followed by
a blank).
delim_n <string> ", "
Delimiter to be inserted between
two page numbers for the same key
in any level (default: comma fol-
lowed by a blank).
delim_r <string> "--"
Delimiter to be inserted between
the starting and ending page
numbers of a range.
delim_t <string> ""
Delimiter to be inserted at the end
of a page list. This delimiter has
no effect on entries which have no
associated page list.
encap_prefix <string> "\\"
First part of prefix for the com-
mand which encapsulates the page
number.
encap_infix <string> "{"
Second part of prefix for the com-
mand which encapsulates the page
number.
encap_suffix <string> "}".
Suffix for the command which encap-
sulates the page number.
line_max <number> 72
Maximum length of a line in the
output, beyond which a line wraps.
indent_space <string> "\t\t"
Space to be inserted in front of a
wrapped line (default: two tabs).
indent_length <number> 16
Length of indent_space (default:
16, equivalent to 2 tabs).
suffix_2p <string> ""
Delimiter to replace the range del-
imiter and the second page number
of a two page list. When present,
it overrides delim_r. Example:
"f.".
suffix_3p <string> ""
Delimiter to replace the range del-
imiter and the second page number
of a three page list. When present,
it overrides delim_r and suffix_mp.
Example: "ff.".
suffix_mp <string> ""
Delimiter to replace the range del-
imiter and the second page number
of a multiple page list (three or
more pages). When present, it over-
rides delim_r. Example: "f.".
EXAMPLES
TeX EXAMPLE
The following example shows a style file called book.ist,
which defines an index for a book which can be formatted
independently of the main source:
preamble
"\\documentstyle[12pt]{book}
\\begin{document}
\\begin{theindex}
{\\small\n"
postamble
"\n\n}
\\end{theindex}
\\end{document}\n"
Assuming that a particular book style requires the index (as
well as any chapters) to start from an odd page number, and
that the input file is named foo.idx, the following command
line produces output in file footmp.ind:
makeindex -s book.ist -o footmp.ind -p odd foo
Here a non-default output file name is used to avoid
clobbering the output for the book itself (presumably
foo.dvi, which would have been the default name for the
index output file!).
TROFF EXAMPLE
A sample control file for creating an index, which we will
assume resides in the file sample.ist:
keyword "IX:"
preamble
".\\\" start of index output
\".\\\" enter two column mode
.2C
.SH
.ce
INDEX
.XS
INDEX
.XE
.R
.ps 9p
.vs 11p
.sp
.de I1
.ti 0.25i
..
.de I2
.ti 0.5i
.."
postamble "\n.\\\" end of index output"
setpage_prefix "\n.nr % "
setpage_suffix ""
group_skip "\n.sp 1.0"
headings_flag 1
heading_prefix "\n.IS\n"
heading_suffix "\n.IE"
item_0 "\n.br\n"
item_1 "\n.I1\n"
item_2 "\n.I2\n"
item_01 "\n.I1\n"
item_x1 "\n.I1\n"
item_12 "\n.I2\n"
item_x2 "\n.I2\n"
delim_0 ", "
delim_1 ", "
delim_2 ", "
delim_r "-"
delim_t "."
encap_prefix "\\fB"
encap_infix ""
encap_suffix "\\fP"
indent_space ""
indent_length 0
The local macro package may require modification, as in this
example of an extension to the -ms macros (note that at some
sites, this macro should replace a pre-existing macro of the
same name):
.
.de IX
.ie '\\n(.z'' .tm IX: \\$1 \\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 \\$8 \\$9 {\\n(PN}
.el \\!.IX \\$1 \\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7 \\$8 \\$9 {\\n(PN}
..
(note that the string {\\n(PN} is separated from the rest of
the line by a tab. If your local macro package does not
contain this extension, just include those lines at the
beginning of your file. Here is a simple troff(1) input
file, which we will assume is named sample.txt:
This is a sample file to test the \fImakeindex\fP(1L)
program, and see
.IX {indexing!programs!C language}
.IX {makeindex@\fImakeindex\fP(1L)}
.bp
.rs
.IX {Knuth}
.IX {typesetting!computer-aided}
how well it functions in the \fItroff\fP(1) environment.
Note that index entries are indicated by the .IX macro,
which causes the following text to be written to stdout
along with the current page number.
CREATING THE INDEX FILE IN THE BOURNE SHELL
To create an input file for makeindex, in the Bourne shell
environment, do the equivalent at your site of the command:
psroff -ms -Tpsc -t sample.txt > /dev/null 2> sample.tmp
Some sites will require ditroff instead of psroff. To
filter out any genuine error messages, invoke grep(1):
grep '^IX: ' sample.tmp > sample.idx
CREATING THE INDEX FILE USING UCSF ENHANCED TROFF/TRANSCRIPT
With UCSF Enhanced troff/TRANSCRIPT, the -I option of
psroff(1L) can produce both formatter output and an index
file:
psroff -ms -I sample.inp -Tpsc sample.txt
If it is wished to suppress the formatter output:
psroff -ms -I sample.inp -Tpsc -t sample.txt > /dev/null
COMPLETING THE INDEX
Any of the above procedures leaves the input for makeindex
in sample.inp. The next step is to invoke makeindex:
makeindex -s sample.ist sample.idx
This leaves troff(1)-ready output in the file sample.ind.
ORDERING
By default, makeindex assumes word ordering; if the -l
option is in effect, letter ordering is used. In word ord-
ering, a blank precedes any letter in the alphabet, whereas
in letter ordering, it does not count at all. This is
illustrated by the following example:
word order letter order
sea lion seal
seal sea lion
Numbers are always sorted in numeric order. For instance,
9 (nine), 123
10 (ten), see Derek, Bo
Letters are first sorted without regard to case; when words
are identical, the uppercase version precedes its lowercase
counterpart.
A special symbol is defined here to be any character not
appearing in the union of digits and the English alphabetic
characters. Patterns starting with special symbols precede
numbers, which precede patterns starting with letters. As a
special case, a string starting with a digit but mixed with
non-digits is considered to be a pattern starting with a
special character.
SPECIAL EFFECTS
Entries such as
\indexentry{alpha}{1}
\indexentry{alpha!beta}{3}
\indexentry{alpha!beta!gamma}{10}
in the input file will be converted to
\item alpha, 1
\subitem beta, 3
\subsubitem gamma, 10
in the output index file. Notice that the level symbol
(`!') is used above to delimit hierarchical levels.
It is possible to make an item appear in a designated form
by using the actual (`@') operator. For instance,
\indexentry{alpha@{\it alpha\/}}{1}
will become
\item {\it alpha\/}, 1
after processing. The pattern preceding `@' is used as sort
key, whereas the one following it is written to the output
file. Note that two appearances of the same key, one with
and one without the actual operator, are regarded as dis-
tinct entries.
The item, subitem, and subsubitem fields may have individual
sort keys:
\indexentry{aa@{\it aa\/}!bb@{\it bb\/}!cc@{\it cc\/}}{1}
This will be converted to
\item {\it aa}, 1
\subitem {\it bb}, 3
\subsubitem {\it cc}, 10
It is possible to encapsulate a page number with a desig-
nated command using the encap (`|') operator:
\indexentry{alpha|bold}{1}
will be converted to
\item alpha, \bold{1}
where, with a suitable definition for TeX, \bold{n} will
expand to {\bf n}. In this example, the three output attri-
butes associated with page encapsulation encap_prefix,
encap_infix, and encap_suffix, correspond to backslash, left
brace, and right brace, respectively. This mechanism allows
page numbers to be set in different fonts. For example, the
page where the definition of a keyword appears can be in one
font, the location of a primary example can be in another
font, and other appearances in yet a third font.
The encap operator can also be used to create cross refer-
ences in the index:
\indexentry{alpha|see{beta}}{1}
will become
\item alpha, \see{beta}{1}
in the output file, where
\see{beta}{1}
will expand to
{\it see\/} beta
Note that in a cross reference like this the page number
disappears.
A pair of encap concatenated with range_open (`|(') and
range_close (`|)') creates an explicit page range:
\indexentry{alpha|(}{1}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
will become
\item alpha, 1-5
Intermediate pages indexed by the same key will be merged
into the range implicitly. This is especially useful when
an entire section about a particular subject is to be
indexed, in which case only the range opening and closing
operators need to be inserted at the beginning and end of
the section. Explicit page range formation can also include
an extra command to set the page range in a designated font:
\indexentry{alpha|(bold}{1}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
will become
\item alpha, \bold{1--5}
Several potential problems are worth mentioning. First,
entries like
\indexentry{alpha|(}{1}
\indexentry{alpha|bold}{3}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{5}
will be interpreted as
\item alpha, \bold{3}, 1--5
but with a warning message in the transcript about
encountering an inconsistent page encapsulator. An explicit
range beginning in a Roman page number and ending in Arabic
is also considered an error. In this instance, (if possi-
ble) the range is broken into two subranges, one in Roman
and the other in Arabic. For instance,
\indexentry{alpha|(}{i}
\indexentry{alpha}{iv}
\indexentry{alpha}{3}
\indexentry{alpha|)}{7}
will be turned into
\item alpha, i--iv, 3--7
with a warning message in the transcript file complaining
about an illegal range formation.
Finally, every special symbol mentioned in this section may
be escaped by the quote operator (`"'). Thus
\indexentry{alpha"@beta}{1}
will actually become
\item alpha@beta, 1
as a result of executing makeindex. The quoting power of
quote is eliminated if it is immediately preceded by escape
(`\'). For example,
\indexentry{f\"ur}{1}
becomes
\item f\"ur, 1
which represents an umlaut-accented `u' to the TeX family of
processors.
From version 2.11 of makeindex, the quote operator may quote
any character in the range 1 ... 255. Character 0 is
excluded because it is used internally in the makeindex
source code as a string terminator. With this change, sort
keys can be created for all eight-bit characters except 0.
The sorting order is
punctuation characters (in ASCII order),
digits,
control characters (1 ... 31),
space (32),
letters (ignoring case),
characters 127 ... 255.
Here is an example showing the indexing of all printable
ASCII characters other than letters and digits, assuming the
default TeX format. For convenience, the page number refer-
ences are the corresponding ASCII ordinal values.
\indexentry{" @" (space)}{32}
\indexentry{"!@"! (exclamation point)}{33}
\indexentry{""@"" (quotation mark)}{34}
\indexentry{"#@"\# (sharp sign)}{35}
\indexentry{"$@"\$ (dollar sign)}{36}
\indexentry{"%@"\% (percent sign)}{37}
\indexentry{"&@"\& (ampersand)}{38}
\indexentry{"<@"$<$ (left angle bracket)}{60}
\indexentry{"=@"= (equals)}{61}
\indexentry{">@"$>$ (right angle bracket)}{62}
\indexentry{"?@"? (query)}{63}
\indexentry{"@@"@ (at sign)}{64}
\indexentry{"[@"[ (left square bracket)}{91}
\indexentry{"\@"\verb=\= (backslash)}{92}
\indexentry{"]@"] (right square bracket)}{93}
\indexentry{"^@"\verb=^= (caret)}{94}
\indexentry{"_@"\verb=_= (underscore)}{95}
\indexentry{"`@"\verb=~= (grave accent)}{96}
\indexentry{"{@"\"{ (left brace)}{123}
\indexentry{"|@"\verb="|= (vertical bar)}{124}
\indexentry{"}@"\"} (right brace)}{125}
\indexentry{"~@"\verb=~= (tilde)}{126}
Characters in the actual fields following the `@' character
which have special significance to TeX must be represented
as control sequences, or as math mode characters. Note par-
ticularly how the entries for the at sign, left and right
braces, and the vertical bar, are coded. The index file
output by makeindex for this example looks like this:
\begin{theindex}
\item ! (exclamation point), 33
\item " (quotation mark), 34
\item \# (sharp sign), 35
\item \$ (dollar sign), 36
\item \% (percent sign), 37
\item \& (ampersand), 38
\item $<$ (left angle bracket), 60
\item = (equals), 61
\item $>$ (right angle bracket), 62
\item ? (query), 63
\item @ (at sign), 64
\item [ (left square bracket), 91
\item \verb=\= (backslash), 92
\item ] (right square bracket), 93
\item \verb=^= (caret), 94
\item \verb=_= (underscore), 95
\item \verb=~= (grave accent), 96
\item \{ (left brace), 123
\item \verb=|= (vertical bar), 124
\item \} (right brace), 125
\item \verb=~= (tilde), 126
\indexspace
\item (space), 32
\end{theindex}
FILES
makeindex executable file
$TEXMFMAIN/tex/plain/misc/idxmac.tex
TeX macro file used by makeindex
$TEXMFMAIN/tex/latex/base/makeidx.sty
TeX macro file used by makeindex
SEE ALSO
ditroff(1L), latex(1L), make.index (1L), qsort(3), tex(1L),
troff(1L)
UCSF Enhanced troff/TRANSCRIPT - An Overview, R. P. C. Rodg-
ers and Conrad Huang, LSMB Technical Report 90-2, UCSF
School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, 1990.
Index Preparation and Processing, Pehong Chen and Michael A.
Harrison, Software: Practice and Experience, 19(9), 897915,
September 1988.
Automating Index Preparation, Pehong Chen and Michael A.
Harrison. Technical Report 87/347, Computer Science Divi-
sion, University of California, Berkeley, 1987 (a LaTeX
document supplied with makeindex).
MakeIndex: An Index Processor for LaTeX, Leslie Lamport,
February 1987 (a LaTeX document supplied with makeindex).
Tools for Printing Indices, Jon L. Bentley and Brian W. Ker-
nighan, Electronic Publishing - Origination, Dissemination,
and Design, 1(1), 318, June 1988 (also available as: Comput-
ing Science Technical Report No. 128, AT&T Bell Labora-
tories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, 1986).
AUTHOR
Pehong Chen, Chen & Harrison International Systems, Inc.
Palo Alto, California, USA <[email protected]>.
Manual page extensively revised and corrected, and troff(1)
examples created by Rick P. C. Rodgers, UCSF School of Phar-
macy <[email protected]>.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Leslie Lamport contributed significantly to the design.
Michael Harrison provided valuable comments and suggestions.
Nelson Beebe improved on the portable version, and maintains
the source distribution for the TeX Users Group. Andreas
Brosig contributed to the German word ordering. The modifi-
cation to the -ms macros was derived from a method proposed
by Ravi Sethi of AT&T Bell Laboratories. The LOG and CON-
TRIB files in the makeindex source distribution record other
contributions.
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