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NAME
zshparam - zsh parameters
DESCRIPTIONS
A parameter has a name, a value, and a number of attributes.
A name may be any sequence of alphanumeric characters and
_'s, or the single characters *, @, #, ?, -, $, or !. The
value may be either a scalar (a string), an integer, or an
array. To assign a scalar or integer value to a parameter,
use the typeset builtin. To assign an array value, use set
-A name value .... The value of a parameter may also be
assigned by writing:
name=value ...
If the integer attribute, -i, is set for name, the value is
subject to arithmetic evaluation.
The value of an array parameter may be assigned by writing:
name=(value ...) ...
Individual elements of an array may be selected using a sub-
script. A subscript of the form [exp] selects the single
element exp, where exp is an arithmetic expression which
will be subject to arithmetic expansion as if it were sur-
rounded by "$((...))". The elements are numbered beginning
with 1 unless the KSH_ARRAYS option is set when they are
numbered from zero.
A subscript of the form [*] or [@] evaluates to all elements
of an array; there is no difference between the two except
when they appear within double quotes. "$foo[*]" evaluates
to "$foo[1] $foo[2] ...", while "$foo[@]" evaluates to
"$foo[1]" "$foo[2]", etc.
A subscript of the form [exp1,exp2] selects all elements in
the range exp1 to exp2, inclusive. If one of the subscripts
evaluates to a negative number, say -n, then the nth element
from the end of the array is used. Thus "$foo[-3]" is the
third element from the end of the array foo, and "$foo[1,-
1]" is the same as "$foo[*]".
Subscripting may also be performed on non-array values, in
which case the subscripts specify a substring to be
extracted. For example, if FOO is set to foobar, then echo
$FOO[2,5] prints ooba.
Subscripts may be used inside braces used to delimit a
parameter name, thus ${foo[2]} is equivalent to $foo[2]. If
the KSH_ARRAYS option is set, the braced form is the only
one that will work, the subscript otherwise not being
treated specially.
If a subscript is used on the left side of an assignment the
selected range is replaced by the expression on the right
side.
If the opening bracket or the comma is directly followed by
an opening parentheses the string up to the matching closing
one is considered to be a list of flags. The flags currently
understood are:
e this option has no effect and retained for back-
ward compatibility only
w if the parameter subscripted is a scalar than this
flag makes subscription work on a per-word basis
instead of characters
s:string:
this gives the string that separates words (for
use with the w flag)
p Recognize the same escape sequences as the print
builtin in the string argument of a subsequent s
flag.
f if the parameter subscripted is a scalar than this
flag makes subscription work on a per-line basis
instead of characters. This is a shorthand for
pws:\n:.
r if this flag is given the exp is taken as a pat-
tern and the result is the first matching array
element, substring or word (if the parameter is an
array, if it is a scalar, or if it is a scalar and
the w flag is given, respectively); note that this
is like giving a number: $foo[(r)??,3] and
$foo[(r)??,(r)f*] work
R like r, but gives the last match
i like r, but gives the index of the match instead;
this may not be combined with a second argument
I like i, but gives the index of the last match
n:expr:
if combined with r, R, , or I, makes them give the
n'th or n'th last match (if expr evaluates to n)
Positional Parameters
Positional parameters are set by the shell on invocation, by
the set builtin, or by direct assignment. The parameter n,
where n is a number, is the nth positional parameter. The
parameters *, @, and argv are arrays containing all the
positional parameters; thus argv[n], etc. is equivalent to
simply n.
Special Parameters
The following parameters are automatically set by the shell:
! The process id of the last background command
invoked.
# The number of positional parameters in decimal.
ARGC Same as #. It has no special meaning in sh/ksh
compatibility mode.
$ The process id of this shell.
- Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by
the set or setopt commands.
* An array containing the positional parameters.
argv Same as *. It has no special meaning in sh/ksh
compatibility mode.
@ Same as argv[@] but it can be used in sh/ksh com-
patibility mode.
? The exit value returned by the last command.
status
Same as ?. It has no special meaning in sh/ksh
compatibility mode.
_ The last argument of the previous command. Also,
this parameter is set in the environment of every
command executed to the full pathname of the com-
mand.
EGID The effective group id of the shell process. If
you have sufficient privileges, you may change the
effective group id of the shell process by assign-
ing to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient
privileges), you may start a single command with a
different effective group id by:
(EGID=egid ; command)
EUID The effective user id of the shell process. If
you have sufficient privileges, you may change the
effective user id of the shell process by assign-
ing to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient
privileges), you may start a single command with a
different effective user id by:
(EUID=euid ; command)
ERRNO
The value of errno as set by the most recently
failed system call. This value is system depen-
dent and is intended for debugging purposes.
GID The group id of the shell process. If you have
sufficient privileges, you may change the group id
of the shell process by assigning to this parame-
ter. Also (assuming sufficient privileges), you
may start a single command under a different group
id by:
(GID=gid ; command)
HOST The current hostname.
LINENO
The line number of the current line within the
current script being executed.
LOGNAME
If the corresponding variable is not set in the
environment of the shell, it is initialized to the
login name corresponding to the current login ses-
sion. This parameter is exported by default but
this can be disabled using the typeset builtin.
MACHTYPE
The machine type (microprocessor class or machine
model), as determined at compile time.
OLDPWD
The previous working directory.
OPTARG
The value of the last option argument processed by
the getopts command.
OPTIND
The index of the last option argument processed by
the getopts command.
OSTYPE
The operating system, as determined at compile
time.
PPID The process id of the parent of the shell.
PWD The present working directory.
RANDOM
A random integer from 0 to 32767, newly generated
each time this parameter is referenced. The ran-
dom number generator can be seeded by assigning a
numeric value to RANDOM.
SECONDS
The number of seconds since shell invocation. If
this parameter is assigned a value, then the value
returned upon reference will be the value that was
assigned plus the number of seconds since the
assignment.
SHLVL
Incremented by one each time a new shell is
started.
signals
An array containing the names of the signals.
TTY The name of the tty associated with the shell, if
any.
TTYIDLE
The idle time of the tty associated with the shell
in seconds or -1 if there is no such tty.
UID The user id of the shell process. If you have
sufficient privileges, you may change the user id
of the shell by assigning to this parameter. Also
(assuming sufficient privileges), you may start a
single command under a different user id by:
(UID=uid ; command)
USERNAME
The username corresponding to the user id of the
shell process. If you have sufficient privileges,
you may change the username (and also the user id
and group id) of the shell by assigning to this
parameter. Also (assuming sufficient privileges),
you may start a single command under a different
username (and user id and group id) by:
(USERNAME=username ; command)
VENDOR
The vendor, as determined at compile time.
ZSHNAME
Expands to the basename of the command used to
invoke this instance of zsh.
ZSH_NAME
Expands to the basename of the command used to
invoke this instance of zsh.
ZSH_VERSION
The version number of this zsh.
The following parameters are used by the shell:
ARGV0
If exported, it's value is used as argv[0] of
external commands. Usually used in constructs
like 'ARGV0=emacs nethack'.
BAUD The baud rate of the current connection. Used by
the line editor update mechanism to compensate for
a slow terminal by delaying updates until neces-
sary. This may be profitably set to a lower value
in some circumstances, e.g. for slow modems dial-
ing into a communications server which is con-
nected to a host via a fast link; in this case,
this variable would be set by default to the speed
of the fast link, and not the modem. This parame-
ter should be set to the baud rate of the slowest
part of the link for best performance. The compen-
sation mechanism can be turned off by setting the
variable to zero.
cdpath (CDPATH)
An array (colon-separated list) of directories
specifying the search path for the cd command.
COLUMNS
The number of columns for this terminal session.
Used for printing select lists and for the line
editor.
DIRSTACKSIZE
The maximum size of the directory stack. If the
stack gets larger than this, it will be truncated
automatically. This is useful with the AUTO_PUSHD
option.
FCEDIT
The default editor for the fc builtin.
fignore (FIGNORE)
An array (colon separated list) containing the
suffixes of files to be ignored during filename
completion. However, if the completion generates
only files which would match if this variable
would be ignored, than these files are completed
anyway.
fpath (FPATH)
An array (colon separated list) of directories
specifying the search path for function defini-
tions. This path is searched when a function with
the -u attribute is referenced. If an executable
file is found, then it is read and executed in the
current environment.
histchars
Three characters used by the shell's history and
lexical analysis mechanism. The first character
signals the start of a history substitution
(default `!'). The second character signals the
start of a quick history substitution (default
`^'). The third character is the comment charac-
ter (default `#').
HISTCHARS
Same as histchars.
HISTFILE
The file to save the history in when an interac-
tive shell exits. If unset, the history is not
saved.
HISTSIZE
The maximum size of the history list.
HOME The default argument for the cd command.
IFS Internal field separators, normally space, tab,
and newline, that are used to separate words which
result from command or parameter substitution and
words read by the read builtin. Any characters
from the set space, tab and newline that appear in
the IFS are called IFS white space. One or more
IFS white space characters or one non-IFS white
space character together with any adjacent IFS
white space character delimit a field. If an IFS
white space character appears twice consecutively
in the IFS, this character is treated as if it
were not an IFS white space character.
KEYTIMEOUT
The time the shell waits, in hundredths of
seconds, for another key to be pressed when read-
ing bound multi-character sequences.
LANG This variable determines the locale category for
any category not specifically selected via a
variable starting with LC_.
LC_ALL
This variable overrides the value of the LANG
variable and the value of any of the other vari-
ables starting with LC_.
LC_COLLATE
This variable determines the locale category for
character collation information within ranges in
glob brackets and for sorting.
LC_CTYPE
This variable determines the locale category for
character handling functions.
LC_MESSAGES
This variable determines the language in which
messages should be written. Note that zsh does
not use message catalogs.
LC_TIME
This variable determines the locale category for
date and time formatting in promt escape
sequences.
LINES
The number of lines for this terminal session.
Used for printing select lists and for the line
editor.
LISTMAX
In the line editor, the number of filenames to
list without asking first. If set to zero, the
shell asks only if the top of the listing would
scroll off the screen.
LOGCHECK
The interval in seconds between checks for
login/logout activity using the watch parameter.
MAIL If this parameter is set and mailpath is not set,
the shell looks for mail in the specified file.
MAILCHECK
The interval in seconds between checks for new
mail.
mailpath (MAILPATH)
An array (colon-separated list) of filenames to
check for new mail. Each filename can be followed
by a ? and a message that will be printed. The
message will undergo parameter expansion, command
substitution and arithmetic substitution with the
variable $_ defined as the name of the file that
has changed. The default message is "You have new
mail." If an element is a directory instead of a
file the shell will recursively check every file
in every subdirectory of the element.
manpath (MANPATH)
An array (colon-separated list) whose value is not
used by the shell. The manpath array can be use-
ful, however, since setting it also sets MANPATH,
and vice versa.
NULLCMD
The command name to assume if a redirection is
specified with no command. Defaults to cat. For
sh/ksh-like behavior, change this to :. For csh-
like behavior, unset this parameter; the shell
will print an error message if null commands are
entered.
path (PATH)
An array (colon-separated list) of directories to
search for commands. When this parameter is set,
each directory is scanned and all files found are
put in a hash table.
POSTEDIT
This string is output whenever the line editor
exits. It usually contains termcap strings to
reset the terminal.
PS1 The primary prompt string, printed before a com-
mand is read; the default is "%m%# ". If the
escape sequence takes an optional integer, it
should appear between the '%' and the next charac-
ter of the sequence. The following escape
sequences are recognized:
%% A `%'.
%) A `)'.
%d
%/ Present working directory ($PWD).
%~ $PWD. If it has a named directory as its
prefix, that part is replaced by a ~ followed
by the name of the directory. If it starts
with $HOME, that part is replaced by a ~.
%c
%.
%C Trailing component of $PWD. An integer may
follow the '%' to get more than one com-
ponent. Unless %C is used, tilde expansion
is performed first.
%h
%! Current history event number
%M The full machine hostname.
%m The hostname up to the first '.'. An integer
may follow the '%' to specify how many com-
ponents of the hostname are desired.
%S (%s)
Start (stop) standout mode.
%U (%u)
Start (stop) underline mode.
%B (%b)
Start (stop) boldface mode.
%t
%@ Current time of day, in 12-hour, am/pm
format.
%T Current time of day, in 24-hour format.
%* Current time of day in 24-hour format, with
seconds.
%n $USERNAME.
%w The date in day-dd format.
%W The date in mm/dd/yy format.
%D The date in yy-mm-dd format.
%D{string}
string is formatted using the strftime func-
tion. See strftime(3) for more details, if
your system has it.
%l The line (tty) the user is logged in on.
%? The return code of the last command executed
just before the prompt.
%_ The status of the parser, i.e. the shell con-
structs (like `if' and `for') that have been
started on the command line. If given an
integer number that many strings will be
printed; zero or no integer means print as
many as there are.
%E Clears to end of line.
%# A '#' if the shell is running as root, a '%'
if not. Equivalent to %(#.#.%%).
%v The value of the first element of the $psvar
array parameter. Following the '%' with an
integer gives that element of the array.
%{...%}
Include a string as a literal escape
sequence. The string within the braces
should not change the cursor position.
%(x.true-text.false-text)
Specifies a ternary expression. The charac-
ter following the x is arbitrary; the same
character is used to separate the text for
the "true" result from that for the "false"
result. This separator may not appear in the
true-text, except as part of a % sequence. A
`)' may appear in the false-text as `%)'.
True-text and false-text may both contain
arbitrarily-nested escape sequences, includ-
ing further ternary expressions. The left
parenthesis may be preceded or followed by a
positive integer n, which defaults to zero.
The test character x may be any of the fol-
lowing:
c
.
~ True if the current path, with prefix
replacement, has at least n elements.
/
C True if the current absolute path has at
least n elements.
t True if the time in minutes is equal to
n.
T True if the time in hours is equal to n.
d True if the day of the month is equal to
n.
D True if the month is equal to n (January
= 0).
w True if the day of the week is equal to
n (Sunday = 0).
? True if the exit status of the last com-
mand was n.
# True if the effective uid of the current
process is n.
g True if the effective gid of the current
process is n.
L True if the SHLVL parameter is at least
n.
S True if the SECONDS parameter is at
least n.
v True if the array psvar has at least n
elements.
_ True if at least n shell constructs were
started.
%<string<
%>string>
%[xstring]
Specifies truncation behaviour. The third
form is equivalent to `%xstringx', i.e. x may
be `<' or `>'. The numeric argument, which
in the third form may appear immediately
after the `[', specifies the maximum permit-
ted length of the various strings that can be
displayed in the prompt. If this integer is
zero, or missing, truncation is disabled.
Truncation is initially disabled. The forms
with `<' truncate at the left of the string,
and the forms with `>' truncate at the right
of the string. For example, if the current
directory is `/home/pike', the prompt
`%8<..<%/' will expand to `..e/pike'. The
string will be displayed in place of the
truncated portion of any string. In this
string, the terminating character (`<', `>'
or `]'), or in fact any character, may be
quoted by a preceding `\'. % sequences are
not treated specially. If the string is
longer than the specified truncation length,
it will appear in full, completely replacing
the truncated string.
PS2 The secondary prompt, printed when the shell needs
more information to complete a command. Recog-
nizes the same escape sequences as $PS1. The
default is "%_> ", which displays any shell con-
structs or quotation marks which are currently
being processed.
PS3 Selection prompt used within a select loop.
Recognizes the same escape sequences as $PS1. The
default is "?# ".
PS4 The execution trace prompt. Default is "+ ".
PROMPT
PROMPT2
PROMPT3
PROMPT4
Same as PS1, PS2, PS3, and PS4, respectively.
These parameters do not have any special meaning
in sh/ksh compatibility mode.
psvar (PSVAR)
An array (colon-separated list) whose first nine
values can be used in PROMPT strings. Setting
psvar also sets PSVAR, and vice versa.
prompt
Same as PS1. It has no special meaning in sh/ksh
compatibility mode.
READNULLCMD
The command name to assume if a single input
redirection is specified with no command.
Defaults to more.
REPORTTIME
If nonnegative, commands whose combined user and
system execution times (measured in seconds) are
greater than this value have timing statistics
printed for them.
RPROMPT
RPS1 This prompt is displayed on the right-hand side of
the screen when the primary prompt is being
displayed on the left. This does not work if the
SINGLELINEZLE option is set. Recognizes the same
escape sequences as PROMPT.
SAVEHIST
The maximum number of history events to save in
the history file.
SPROMPT
The prompt used for spelling correction. The
sequence %R expands to the string which presumably
needs spelling correction, and %r expands to the
proposed correction. All other PROMPT escapes are
also allowed.
STTY If this parameter is set in a command's environ-
ment, the shell runs the stty command with the
value of this parameter as arguments in order to
set up the terminal before executing the command.
The modes apply only to the command, and are reset
when it finishes or is suspended. If the command
is suspended and continued later with the fg or
wait builtins it will see the modes specified by
STTY, as if it were not suspended. This (inten-
tionally) does not apply if the command is contin-
ued via "kill -CONT". STTY is ignored if the com-
mand is run in the background, or if it is in the
environment of the shell but not explicitly
assigned to in the input line. This avoids running
stty at every external command by accidentally
exporting it. Also note that STTY should not be
used for window size specifications; these will
not be local to the command.
TIMEFMT
The format of process time reports with the time
keyword. The default is "%E real %U user %S
system %P %J". Recognizes the following escape
sequences:
%% A `%'.
%U CPU seconds spent in user mode.
%S CPU seconds spent in kernel mode.
%E Elapsed time in seconds.
%P The CPU percentage, computed as (%U+%S)/%E.
%J The name of this job.
A star may be inserted between the percent sign and
flags printing time. This cause the time to be printed
in hh:mm:ss.ttt format (hours and minutes are only
printed if they are not zero).
TMOUT
If this parameter is nonzero, the shell will
receive an ALRM signal if a command is not entered
within the specified number of seconds after issu-
ing a prompt. If there is a trap on SIGALRM, it
will be executed and a new alarm is scheduled
using the value of the TMOUT parametr after exe-
cecuting the trap. If no trap is set, and the idle
time of the terminal is not less than the value of
the TMOUT parameter, zsh terminates. Otherwise a
new alarm is scheduled to TMOUT seconds after the
last keypress.
TMPPREFIX
A pathname prefix which the shell will use for all
temporary files. Note that this should include an
initial part for the file name as well as any
directory names. The default is /tmp/zsh.
watch (WATCH)
An array (colon-separated list) of login/logout
events to report. If it contains the single word
"all", then all login/logout events are reported.
If it contains the single word "notme", then all
events are reported as with "all" except $USER-
NAME. An entry in this list may consist of a
username, an `@' followed by a remote hostname,
and a `%' followed by a line (tty). Any or all of
these components may be present in an entry; if a
login/logout event matches all of them, it is
reported.
WATCHFMT
The format of login/logout reports if the watch
parameter is set. Default is "%n has %a %l from
%m." Recognizes the following escape sequences:
%n The name of the user that logged in/out.
%a The observed action, i.e. "logged on" or
"logged off".
%l The line (tty) the user is logged in on.
%M The full hostname of the remote host.
%m The hostname up to the first ".". If only
the ip address is available or the utmp field
contains the name of an X-windows display,
the whole name is printed.
NOTE:
The %m and %M escapes will work only if there
is a host name field in the utmp on your
machine. Otherwise they are treated as ordi-
nary strings.
%S (%s)
Start (stop) standout mode.
%U (%u)
Start (stop) underline mode.
%B (%b)
Start (stop) boldface mode.
%t
%@ The time, in 12-hour, am/pm format.
%T The time, in 24-hour format.
%w The date in day-dd format.
%W The date in mm/dd/yy format.
%D The date in yy-mm-dd format.
%(x:true-text:false-text)
Specifies a ternary expression. The charac-
ter following the x is arbitrary; the same
character is used to separate the text for
the "true" result from that for the "false"
result. Both the separator and the right
parenthesis may be escaped with a backslash.
Ternary expressions may be nested.
The test character x may be any one of l, n,
m, or M, which indicate a "true" result if
the corresponding escape sequence would
return a non-empty value; or may be a, which
indicates a "true" result if the watched user
has logged in, or "false" if he has logged
out. Other characters evaluate to neither
true nor false; the entire expression is
omitted in this case.
If the result is "true", then the true-text
is formatted according to the rules above and
printed, and the false-text is skipped. If
"false", the true-text is skipped and the
false-text is formatted and printed. Either
or both of the branches may be empty, but
both separators must be present in any case.
WORDCHARS
A list of nonalphanumeric characters considered
part of a word by the line editor.
ZDOTDIR
The directory to search for shell startup files
(.zshrc, etc), if not $HOME.
NOTES
Source for zsh is available in the SUNWzshS package.
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