Dump
examines files on an ext2/3 filesystem and determines which files need to be
backed up. These files are copied to the given disk, tape or other storage
medium for safe keeping (see the
-f
option below for doing remote backups). A dump that is larger than the output
medium is broken into multiple volumes. On most media the size is determined by
writing until an end-of-media indication is returned.
On media that cannot reliably return an end-of-media indication (such as some
cartridge tape drives), each volume is of a fixed size; the actual size is
determined by specifying cartridge media, or via the tape size, density and/or
block count options below. By default, the same output file name is used for
each volume after prompting the operator to change media.
files-to-dump
is either a mountpoint of a filesystem or a list of files and directories to be
backed up as a subset of a filesystem. In the former case, either the path to a
mounted filesystem or the device of an unmounted filesystem can be used. In the
latter case, certain restrictions are placed on the backup:
-u
is not allowed, the only dump level that is supported is
0
and all the files and directories must reside on the same filesystem.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported by
dump:
-level#
The dump level (any integer). A level 0, full backup, guarantees the
entire file system is copied (but see also the
-h
option below). A level number above 0, incremental backup, tells
dump
to
copy all files new or modified since the last dump of a lower level. The
default level is 9. Historically only levels 0 to 9 were usable in
dump, this version is able to understand any integer as a dump level.
-a
``auto-size''. Bypass all tape length calculations, and write until an
end-of-media indication is returned. This works best for most modern tape
drives, and is the default. Use of this option is particularly recommended when
appending to an existing tape, or using a tape drive with hardware compression
(where you can never be sure about the compression ratio).
-A archive_file
Archive a dump table-of-contents in the specified
archive_file
to be used by
restore(8)
to determine whether a file is in the dump file that is being restored.
-b blocksize
The number of kilobytes per dump record. The default blocksize is 10,
unless the
-d
option has been used to specify a tape density of 6250BPI or more,
in which case the default blocksize is 32. Th maximal value is 1024.
Note however that, since the IO system slices all requests into chunks
of
MAXBSIZE
(which can be as low as 64kB), you can experience problems with
dump(8)
and
restore(8)
when using a higher value, depending on your kernel and/or libC versions.
-B records
The number of 1 kB blocks per volume. Not normally required, as
dump
can detect end-of-media. When the specified size is reached,
dump
waits for you to change the volume. This option overrides the calculation of
tape size based on length and density. If compression is on this limits the
size of the compressed output per volume. Multiple values may be given
as a single argument separated by commas. Each value will be used for one
dump volume in the order listed; if
dump
creates more volumes than the
number of values given, the last value will be used for the remaining
volumes. This is useful for filling up already partially filled media
(and then continuing with full size volumes on empty media) or mixing media
of different sizes.
-c
Change the defaults for use with a cartridge tape drive, with a density of 8000
bpi, and a length of 1700 feet. Specifying a cartridge drive overrides the
end-of-media detection.
-d density
Set tape density to
density.
The default is 1600BPI. Specifying a tape density overrides the end-of-media
detection.
-D file
Set the path name of the file storing the information about the previous
full and incremental dumps. The default location is
/etc/dumpdates.
-e inodes
Exclude
inodes
from the dump. The
inodes
parameter is a comma separated list of inode numbers (you can use
stat(1)
to find the inode number for a file or directory).
-E file
Read list of inodes to be excluded from the dump from the text file
file.
The file
file
should be an ordinary file containing inode numbers separated by newlines.
-f file
Write the backup to
file;
file
may be a special device file like
/dev/st0
(a tape drive),
/dev/rsd1c
(a floppy disk drive), an ordinary file, or
-
(the standard output). Multiple file names may be given as a single argument
separated by commas. Each file will be used for one dump volume in the order
listed; if the dump requires more volumes than the number of names given,
the last file name will used for all remaining volumes after prompting for
media changes. If the name of the file is of the form
host:file
or
user@host:filedump
writes to the named file on the remote host (which should already
exist, dump doesn't create a new remote file) using
rmt(8).
The default path name of the remote
rmt(8)
program is
/etc/rmt;
this can be overridden by the environment variable
RMT.
-F script
Run script at the end of each tape (except for the last one).
The device name and the current volume number are passed on the
command line. The script must return 0 if
dump
should continue without asking the user to change the tape, 1 if
dump
should continue but ask the user to change the tape. Any other exit code will
cause
dump
to abort. For security reasons,
dump
reverts back to the real user ID and the real group ID before running the
script.
-h level
Honor the user
nodump
flag
UF_NODUMP
only for dumps at or above the given
level.
The default honor level is 1, so that incremental backups omit such files but
full backups retain them.
-I nr errors
By default,
dump
will ignore the first 32 read errors on the file system before asking for
operator intervention. You can change this using this flag to any value. This
is useful when running
dump
on an active filesystem where read errors simply indicate an inconsistency
between the mapping and dumping passes.
A value of 0 means that all read errors will be ignored.
-jcompression level
Compress every block to be written on the tape using bzlib library. This option
will work only when dumping to a file or pipe or, when dumping to a tape drive,
if the tape drive is capable of writing variable length blocks. You will need
at least the 0.4b24 version of
restore
in order to extract compressed tapes. Tapes written using compression will not
be compatible with the BSD tape format. The (optional) parameter specifies the
compression level bzlib will use. The default compression level is 2. If the
optional parameter is specified, there should be no white space between the
option letter and the parameter.
-k
Use Kerberos authentication to talk to remote tape servers. (Only available if
this option was enabled when
dump
was compiled.)
-L label
The user-supplied text string
label
is placed into the dump header, where tools like
restore(8)
and
file(8)
can access it. Note that this label is limited to be at most
LBLSIZE
(currently 16) characters, which must include the terminating \0.
-m
If this flag is specified,
dump
will optimise the output for inodes having been changed but not modified since
the last dump ('changed' and 'modified' have the meaning defined in
stat(2)
). For those inodes,
dump
will save only the metadata, instead of saving the entire inode contents.
Inodes which are either directories or have been modified since the last dump
are saved in a regular way. Uses of this flag must be consistent, meaning that
either every dump in an incremental dump set have the flag, or no one has it.
If you use this option, be aware that many programs that unpack
files from archives (e.g. tar, rpm, unzip, dpkg) may set files'
mtimes to dates in the past. Files installed in this way may not be
dumped correctly using "dump -m" if the modified mtime is earlier
than the previous level dump.
Tapes written using such 'metadata only' inodes will not be compatible with the
BSD tape format or older versions of
restore.
-M
Enable the multi-volume feature. The name specified with
f
is treated as a prefix and
dump
writes in sequence to
<prefix>001, <prefix>002
etc. This can be useful when dumping to files on an ext2 partition, in order to
bypass the 2GB file size limitation.
-n
Whenever
dump
requires operator attention, notify all operators in the group
operator
by means similar to a
wall(1).
-q
Make
dump
abort immediately whenever operator attention is required, without prompting in
case of write errors, tape changes etc.
-Q file
Enable the Quick File Access support. Tape positions for each inode are stored
into the file
file
which is used by
restore
(if called with parameter
-Q
and the filename) to directly position the tape at the file
restore
is currently working on. This saves hours when restoring single files from
large backups, saves the tapes and the drive's head.
It is recommended to set up the st driver to return logical tape positions
rather than physical before calling
dump/restore
with parameter
-Q.
Since not all tape devices support physical tape positions those tape devices
return an error during
dump/restore
when the st driver is set to the default physical setting. Please see the
st(4)
man page, option
MTSETDRVBUFFER
, or the
mt(1)
man page, on how to set the driver to return logical tape positions.
Before calling
restore
with parameter
-Q,
always make sure the st driver is set to return the same type of tape position
used during the call to
dump.
Otherwise
restore
may be confused.
This option can be used when dumping to local tapes (see above) or to local
files.
-s feet
Attempt to calculate the amount of tape needed at a particular density. If this
amount is exceeded,
dump
prompts for a new tape. It is recommended to be a bit conservative on this
option. The default tape length is 2300 feet. Specifying the tape size
overrides end-of-media detection.
-S
Size estimate. Determine the amount of space that is needed to perform the dump
without actually doing it, and display the estimated number of bytes it will
take. This is useful with incremental dumps to determine how many volumes of
media will be needed.
-T date
Use the specified date as the starting time for the dump instead of the time
determined from looking in
/etc/dumpdates .
The format of
date
is the same as that of
ctime(3)
followed by an rfc822 timezone specification: either a plus or minus sign
followed by two digits for the number of hours and two digits for the minutes.
For example, -0800 for eight hours west of Greenwich or +0230 for two hours
and a half east of Greenwich. This timezone offset takes into account
daylight savings time (if applicable to the timezone): UTC offsets
when daylight savings time is in effect will be different than offsets
when daylight savings time is not in effect. For backward
compatibility, if no timezone is specified, a local time is assumed.
This option is useful for automated dump scripts that wish to dump over a
specific period of time. The
-T
option is mutually exclusive from the
-u
option.
-u
Update the file
/etc/dumpdates
after a successful dump. The format of
/etc/dumpdates
is readable by people, consisting of one free format record per line:
filesystem name, increment level and
ctime(3)
format dump date followed by a rfc822 timezone specification (see the
-u
option for details). If no timezone offset is specified, times are interpreted
as local. Whenever the file is written, all dates in the file are converted
to the local time zone, without changing the UTC times. There
may be only one entry per filesystem at each level. The file
/etc/dumpdates
may be edited to change any of the fields, if necessary.
-v
The
-v
(verbose) makes
dump
to print extra information which could be helpful in debug sessions.
-W
Dump
tells the operator what file systems need to be dumped. This information is
gleaned from the files
/etc/dumpdates
and
/etc/fstab.
The
-W
option causes
dump
to print out, for all file systems in
/etc/dumpdates ,
and regognized file systems in
/etc/mtab
and
/etc/fstab.
the most recent dump date and level, and highlights those that should be
dumped. If the
-W
option is set, all other options are ignored, and
dump
exits immediately.
-w
Is like
-W,
but prints only recognized filesystems in
/etc/mtab
and
/etc/fstab
which need to be dumped.
-y
Compress every block to be written to the tape using the lzo library.
This doesn't compress as well as the zlib library but it's much faster.
This option will work only when dumping to a file or pipe or, when dumping to
a tape drive, if the tape drive is capable of writing variable length blocks.
You will need at least the 0.4b34 version of
restore
in order to extract compressed tapes. Tapes written using compression will not
be compatible with the BSD tape format.
-zcompression level
Compress every block to be written on the tape using zlib library. This option
will work only when dumping to a file or pipe or, when dumping to a tape drive,
if the tape drive is capable of writing variable length blocks. You will need
at least the 0.4b22 version of
restore
in order to extract compressed tapes. Tapes written using compression will not
be compatible with the BSD tape format. The (optional) parameter specifies the
compression level zlib will use. The default compression level is 2. If the
optional parameter is specified, there should be no white space between the
option letter and the parameter.
Dump
requires operator intervention on these conditions: end of tape, end of dump,
tape write error, tape open error or disk read error (if there is more than a
threshold of nr errors). In addition to alerting all operators implied by the
-n
key,
dump
interacts with the operator on dump's control terminal at times when
dump
can no longer proceed, or if something is grossly wrong. All questions
dump
poses
must
be answered by typing ``yes'' or ``no'', appropriately.
Since making a dump involves a lot of time and effort for full dumps,
dump
checkpoints itself at the start of each tape volume. If writing that volume
fails for some reason,
dump
will, with operator permission, restart itself from the checkpoint after the
old tape has been rewound and removed, and a new tape has been mounted.
Dump
tells the operator what is going on at periodic intervals, including usually
low estimates of the number of blocks to write, the number of tapes it will
take, the time to completion, and the time to the tape change. The output is
verbose, so that others know that the terminal controlling
dump
is busy, and will be for some time.
In the event of a catastrophic disk event, the time required to restore all the
necessary backup tapes or files to disk can be kept to a minimum by staggering
the incremental dumps. An efficient method of staggering incremental dumps to
minimize the number of tapes follows:
---
Always start with a level 0 backup, for example:
/sbin/dump -0u -f /dev/st0 /usr/src
This should be done at set intervals, say once a month or once every two months,
and on a set of fresh tapes that is saved forever.
---
After a level 0, dumps of active file systems are taken on a daily basis, using
a modified Tower of Hanoi algorithm, with this sequence of dump levels:
3 2 5 4 7 6 9 8 9 9 ...
For the daily dumps, it should be possible to use a fixed number of tapes for
each day, used on a weekly basis. Each week, a level 1 dump is taken, and the
daily Hanoi sequence repeats beginning with 3. For weekly dumps, another fixed
set of tapes per dumped file system is used, also on a cyclical basis.
After several months or so, the daily and weekly tapes should get rotated out
of the dump cycle and fresh tapes brought in.
(The 4.3BSD option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility but is not
documented here.)
ENVIRONMENT
TAPE
If no
-f
option was specified,
dump
will use the device specified via
TAPE
as the dump device.
TAPE
may be of the form
tapename,
host:tapename,
or
user@host:tapename.
RMT
The environment variable
RMT
will be used to determine the pathname of the remote
rmt(8)
program.
RSH
Dump
uses the contents of this variable to determine the name of the remote shell
command to use when doing remote backups (rsh, ssh etc.). If this variable is
not set,
rcmd(3)
will be used, but only root will be able to do remote backups.
The format of the
/etc/dumpdates
file has changed in release 0.4b34, however, the file will be read
correctly with either pre-0.4b34 or 0.4b34 and later versions of
dump
provided that the machine on which
dump
is run did not change timezones (which should be a fairly rare occurence).
EXIT STATUS
Dump
exits with zero status on success. Startup errors are indicated with an exit
code of 1; abnormal termination is indicated with an exit code of 3.
BUGS
It might be considered a bug that this version of dump can only handle ext2/3
filesystems. Specifically, it does not work with FAT filesystems.
Fewer than 32 read errors (change this with
-I)
on the filesystem are ignored. If noticing read errors is important, the output
from dump can be parsed to look for lines that contain the text 'read error'.
When a read error occurs,
dump
prints out the corresponding physical disk block and sector number and the
ext2/3 logical block number. It doesn't print out the corresponing file name or
even the inode number. The user has to use
debugfs(8),
commands
ncheck
and
icheck
to translate the
ext2blk
number printed out by
dump
into an inode number, then into a file name.
Each reel requires a new process, so parent processes for reels already written
just hang around until the entire tape is written.
The estimated number of tapes is not correct if compression is on.
It would be nice if
dump
knew about the dump sequence, kept track of the tapes scribbled on, told the
operator which tape to mount when, and provided more assistance for the
operator running
restore.
Dump
cannot do remote backups without being run as root, due to its security history.
Presently, it works if you set it setuid (like it used to be), but this might
constitute a security risk. Note that you can set
RSH
to use a remote shell program instead.
AUTHOR
The
dump/restore
backup suite was ported to Linux's Second Extended File System by Remy Card
<[email protected]>. He maintained the initial versions of
dump
(up and including 0.4b4, released in january 1997).
Starting with 0.4b5, the new maintainer is Stelian Pop <[email protected]>.
