11.4 Advanced Printer Setup

11.4.1.1 How Filters Work

As mentioned before, a filter is an executable program started by LPD to handle the device-dependent part of communicating with the printer.

When LPD wants to print a file in a job, it starts a filter program. It sets the filter's standard input to the file to print, its standard output to the printer, and its standard error to the error logging file (specified in the lf capability in /etc/printcap, or /dev/console by default).

Which filter LPD starts and the filter's arguments depend on what is listed in the /etc/printcap file and what arguments the user specified for the job on the lpr(1) command line. For example, if the user typed lpr -t, LPD would start the troff filter, listed in the tf capability for the destination printer. If the user wanted to print plain text, it would start the if filter (this is mostly true: see Output Filters for details).

There are three kinds of filters you can specify in /etc/printcap:

• The text filter, confusingly called the input filter in LPD documentation, handles regular text printing. Think of it as the default filter. LPD expects every printer to be able to print plain text by default, and it is the text filter's job to make sure backspaces, tabs, or other special characters do not confuse the printer. If you are in an environment where you have to account for printer usage, the text filter must also account for pages printed, usually by counting the number of lines printed and comparing that to the number of lines per page the printer supports. The text filter is started with the following argument list:

  filter-name [-c] -wwidth -llength -iindent -n login -h host acct-file

  where

  -c

  appears if the job is submitted with lpr -l

  width

  is the value from the pw (page width) capability specified in /etc/printcap, default 132

  length

  is the value from the pl (page length) capability, default 66

  indent

  is the amount of the indentation from lpr -i, default 0

  login

  is the account name of the user printing the file

  host

  is the host name from which the job was submitted

  acct-file

  is the name of the accounting file from the af capability.

  
  
  

• A conversion filter converts a specific file format into one the printer can render onto paper. For example, ditroff typesetting data cannot be directly printed, but you can install a conversion filter for ditroff files to convert the ditroff data into a form the printer can digest and print. Section Conversion Filters tells all about them. Conversion filters also need to do accounting, if you need printer accounting. Conversion filters are started with the following arguments:

  filter-name -xpixel-width -ypixel-height -n login -h host acct-file

  where pixel-width is the value from the px capability (default 0) and pixel-height is the value from the py capability (default 0).
  
  

• The output filter is used only if there is no text filter, or if header pages are enabled. In my experience, output filters are rarely used. Section Output Filters describe them. There are only two arguments to an output filter:

  filter-name -wwidth -llength

  which are identical to the text filters -w and -l arguments.
  
  

Filters should also exit with the following exit status:

The text filter that comes with the FreeBSD release, /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf, takes advantage of the page width and length arguments to determine when to send a form feed and how to account for printer usage. It uses the login, host, and accounting file arguments to make the accounting entries.

If you are shopping for filters, see if they are LPD-compatible. If they are, they must support the argument lists described above. If you plan on writing filters for general use, then have them support the same argument lists and exit codes.

11.4.1.2 Accommodating Plain Text Jobs on PostScript Printers

If you are the only user of your computer and PostScript (or other language-based) printer, and you promise to never send plain text to your printer and to never use features of various programs that will want to send plain text to your printer, then you do not need to worry about this section at all.

But, if you would like to send both PostScript and plain text jobs to the printer, then you are urged to augment your printer setup. To do so, we have the text filter detect if the arriving job is plain text or PostScript. All PostScript jobs must start with %! (for other printer languages, see your printer documentation). If those are the first two characters in the job, we have PostScript, and can pass the rest of the job directly. If those are not the first two characters in the file, then the filter will convert the text into PostScript and print the result.

How do we do this?

If you have got a serial printer, a great way to do it is to install lprps. lprps is a PostScript printer filter which performs two-way communication with the printer. It updates the printer's status file with verbose information from the printer, so users and administrators can see exactly what the state of the printer is (such as ``toner low'' or ``paper jam''). But more importantly, it includes a program called psif which detects whether the incoming job is plain text and calls textps (another program that comes with lprps) to convert it to PostScript. It then uses lprps to send the job to the printer.

lprps is part of the FreeBSD Ports Collection (see The Ports Collection). You can fetch, build and install it yourself, of course. After installing lprps, just specify the pathname to the psif program that is part of lprps. If you installed lprps from the ports collection, use the following in the serial PostScript printer's entry in /etc/printcap:

    :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:

You should also specify the rw capability; that tells LPD to open the printer in read-write mode.

If you have a parallel PostScript printer (and therefore cannot use two-way communication with the printer, which lprps needs), you can use the following shell script as the text filter:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  psif - Print PostScript or plain text on a PostScript printer
    #  Script version; NOT the version that comes with lprps
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psif
    #
    
    read first_line
    first_two_chars=`expr "$first_line" : '\(..\)'`
    
    if [ "$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then
        #
        #  PostScript job, print it.
        #
        echo "$first_line" && cat && printf "\004" && exit 0
        exit 2
    else
        #
        #  Plain text, convert it, then print it.
        #
        ( echo "$first_line"; cat ) | /usr/local/bin/textps && printf "\004" && exit 0
        exit 2
    fi

In the above script, textps is a program we installed separately to convert plain text to PostScript. You can use any text-to-PostScript program you wish. The FreeBSD Ports Collection (see The Ports Collection) includes a full featured text-to-PostScript program called a2ps that you might want to investigate.

11.4.1.3 Simulating PostScript on Non-PostScript Printers

PostScript is the de facto standard for high quality typesetting and printing. PostScript is, however, an expensive standard. Thankfully, Alladin Enterprises has a free PostScript work-alike called Ghostscript that runs with FreeBSD. Ghostscript can read most PostScript files and can render their pages onto a variety of devices, including many brands of non-PostScript printers. By installing Ghostscript and using a special text filter for your printer, you can make your non-PostScript printer act like a real PostScript printer.

Ghostscript is in the FreeBSD Ports Collection, if you would like to install it from there. You can fetch, build, and install it quite easily yourself, as well.

To simulate PostScript, we have the text filter detect if it is printing a PostScript file. If it is not, then the filter will pass the file directly to the printer; otherwise, it will use Ghostscript to first convert the file into a format the printer will understand.

Here is an example: the following script is a text filter for Hewlett Packard DeskJet 500 printers. For other printers, substitute the -sDEVICE argument to the gs (Ghostscript) command. (Type gs -h to get a list of devices the current installation of Ghostscript supports.)

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  ifhp - Print Ghostscript-simulated PostScript on a DeskJet 500
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpif
    
    #
    #  Treat LF as CR+LF:
    #
    printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2
    
    #
    #  Read first two characters of the file
    #
    read first_line
    first_two_chars=`expr "$first_line" : '\(..\)'`
    
    if [ "$first_two_chars" = "%!" ]; then
        #
        #  It is PostScript; use Ghostscript to scan-convert and print it.
        #
        #  Note that PostScript files are actually interpreted programs,
        #  and those programs are allowed to write to stdout, which will
        #  mess up the printed output.  So, we redirect stdout to stderr
        #  and then make descriptor 3 go to stdout, and have Ghostscript
        #  write its output there.  Exercise for the clever reader:
        #  capture the stderr output from Ghostscript and mail it back to
        #  the user originating the print job.
        #
        exec 3>&1 1>&2
        /usr/local/bin/gs -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -q -sDEVICE=djet500 \
            -sOutputFile=/dev/fd/3 - && exit 0
    
        #
        /usr/local/bin/gs -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -q -sDEVICE=djet500 -sOutputFile=- - \
            && exit 0
    else
        #
        #  Plain text or HP/PCL, so just print it directly; print a form feed
        #  at the end to eject the last page.
        #
        echo $first_line && cat && printf "\033&l0H" && 
    exit 0
    fi
    
    exit 2

Finally, you need to notify LPD of the filter via the if capability:

    :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:

That is it. You can type lpr plain.text and lpr whatever.ps and both should print successfully.

11.4.1.4 Conversion Filters

After completing the simple setup described in Simple Printer Setup, the first thing you will probably want to do is install conversion filters for your favorite file formats (besides plain ASCII text).

    % dvips seaweed-analysis.dvi
    % lpr seaweed-analysis.ps

    % lpr -d seaweed-analysis.dvi

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host rose - added df filter for bamboo
    #
    rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:
    
    bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:\
            :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
            :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf
    #
    # Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d
    #
    exec /usr/local/bin/dvips -f | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@"

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  hpvf - Convert GIF files into HP/PCL, then print
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpvf
                      
    PATH=/usr/X11R6/bin:$PATH; export PATH
    giftopnm | ppmtopgm | pgmtopbm | pbmtolj -resolution 300 \
        && exit 0 \
        || exit 2

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host orchid
    #
    teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:\
            :vf=/usr/local/libexec/hpvf:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PS, then print.
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf
    #
    exec grops | /usr/local/libexec/lprps "$@"

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  pstf - Convert groff's troff data into PS, then print.
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/pstf
    #
    exec grops

    :tf=/usr/local/libexec/pstf:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    # hprf - FORTRAN text filter for LaserJet 3si:
    # Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hprf
    #
    
    printf "\033&k2G" && fpr && printf "\033&l0H" &&
     exit 0
    exit 2

    :rf=/usr/local/libexec/hprf:

    :df=/usr/local/libexec/hpdf:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  hpdf - Print DVI data on HP/PCL printer
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpdf
    
    PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH; export PATH
    
    #
    #  Define a function to clean up our temporary files.  These exist
    #  in the current directory, which will be the spooling directory
    #  for the printer.
    #
    cleanup() {
       rm -f hpdf$$.dvi
    }
    
    #
    #  Define a function to handle fatal errors: print the given message
    #  and exit 2.  Exiting with 2 tells LPD to do not try to reprint the
    #  job.
    #
    fatal() {
        echo "$@" 1>&2
        cleanup
        exit 2
    }
    
    #
    #  If user removes the job, LPD will send SIGINT, so trap SIGINT
    #  (and a few other signals) to clean up after ourselves.
    #
    trap cleanup 1 2 15 
    
    #
    #  Make sure we are not colliding with any existing files.
    #
    cleanup
    
    #
    #  Link the DVI input file to standard input (the file to print).
    #
    ln -s /dev/fd/0 hpdf$$.dvi || fatal "Cannot symlink /dev/fd/0"
    
    #
    #  Make LF = CR+LF
    #
    printf "\033&k2G" || fatal "Cannot initialize printer"
    
    # 
    #  Convert and print.  Return value from dvilj2p does not seem to be
    #  reliable, so we ignore it.
    #
    dvilj2p -M1 -q -e- dfhp$$.dvi
    
    #
    #  Clean up and exit
    #
    cleanup
    exit 0

11.4.1.5 Output Filters

The LPD spooling system supports one other type of filter that we have not yet explored: an output filter. An output filter is intended for printing plain text only, like the text filter, but with many simplifications. If you are using an output filter but no text filter, then:

• LPD starts an output filter once for the entire job instead of once for each file in the job.

• LPD does not make any provision to identify the start or the end of files within the job for the output filter.

• LPD does not pass the user's login or host to the filter, so it is not intended to do accounting. In fact, it gets only two arguments:

  filter-name -wwidth -llength

  Where width is from the pw capability and length is from the pl capability for the printer in question.

Do not be seduced by an output filter's simplicity. If you would like each file in a job to start on a different page an output filter will not work. Use a text filter (also known as an input filter); see section Installing the Text Filter. Furthermore, an output filter is actually more complex in that it has to examine the byte stream being sent to it for special flag characters and must send signals to itself on behalf of LPD.

However, an output filter is necessary if you want header pages and need to send escape sequences or other initialization strings to be able to print the header page. (But it is also futile if you want to charge header pages to the requesting user's account, since LPD does not give any user or host information to the output filter.)

On a single printer, LPD allows both an output filter and text or other filters. In such cases, LPD will start the output filter to print the header page (see section Header Pages) only. LPD then expects the output filter to stop itself by sending two bytes to the filter: ASCII 031 followed by ASCII 001. When an output filter sees these two bytes (031, 001), it should stop by sending SIGSTOP to itself. When LPD's done running other filters, it will restart the output filter by sending SIGCONT to it.

If there is an output filter but no text filter and LPD is working on a plain text job, LPD uses the output filter to do the job. As stated before, the output filter will print each file of the job in sequence with no intervening form feeds or other paper advancement, and this is probably not what you want. In almost all cases, you need a text filter.

The program lpf, which we introduced earlier as a text filter, can also run as an output filter. If you need a quick-and-dirty output filter but do not want to write the byte detection and signal sending code, try lpf. You can also wrap lpf in a shell script to handle any initialization codes the printer might require.

11.4.1.6 lpf: a Text Filter

The program /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf that comes with FreeBSD binary distribution is a text filter (input filter) that can indent output (job submitted with lpr -i), allow literal characters to pass (job submitted with lpr -l), adjust the printing position for backspaces and tabs in the job, and account for pages printed. It can also act like an output filter.

lpf is suitable for many printing environments. And although it has no capability to send initialization sequences to a printer, it is easy to write a shell script to do the needed initialization and then execute lpf.

In order for lpf to do page accounting correctly, it needs correct values filled in for the pw and pl capabilities in the /etc/printcap file. It uses these values to determine how much text can fit on a page and how many pages were in a user's job. For more information on printer accounting, see Accounting for Printer Usage.

11.4.2.1 Enabling Header Pages

In the Simple Printer Setup section, we turned off header pages by specifying sh (meaning ``suppress header'') in the /etc/printcap file. To enable header pages for a printer, just remove the sh capability.

Sounds too easy, right?

You are right. You might have to provide an output filter to send initialization strings to the printer. Here is an example output filter for Hewlett Packard PCL-compatible printers:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  hpof - Output filter for Hewlett Packard PCL-compatible printers
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/hpof
    
    printf "\033&k2G" || exit 2
    exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf

Specify the path to the output filter in the of capability. See the Output Filters section for more information.

Here is an example /etc/printcap file for the printer teak that we introduced earlier; we enabled header pages and added the above output filter:

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host orchid
    #
    teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/hpif:\
            :vf=/usr/local/libexec/hpvf:\
            :of=/usr/local/libexec/hpof:

Now, when users print jobs to teak, they get a header page with each job. If users want to spend time searching for their printouts, they can suppress header pages by submitting the job with lpr -h; see the Header Page Options section for more lpr(1) options.

11.4.2.2 Controlling Header Pages

By enabling header pages, LPD will produce a long header, a full page of large letters identifying the user, host, and job. Here is an example (kelly printed the job named outline from host rose):

          k                   ll       ll
          k                    l        l
          k                    l        l
          k   k     eeee       l        l     y    y
          k  k     e    e      l        l     y    y
          k k      eeeeee      l        l     y    y
          kk k     e           l        l     y    y
          k   k    e    e      l        l     y   yy
          k    k    eeee      lll      lll     yyy y
                                                   y
                                              y    y
                                               yyyy
    
    
                                       ll
                              t         l        i
                              t         l
           oooo    u    u   ttttt       l       ii     n nnn     eeee
          o    o   u    u     t         l        i     nn   n   e    e
          o    o   u    u     t         l        i     n    n   eeeeee
          o    o   u    u     t         l        i     n    n   e
          o    o   u   uu     t  t      l        i     n    n   e    e
           oooo     uuu u      tt      lll      iii    n    n    eeee
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
          r rrr     oooo     ssss     eeee
          rr   r   o    o   s    s   e    e
          r        o    o    ss      eeeeee
          r        o    o      ss    e
          r        o    o   s    s   e    e
          r         oooo     ssss     eeee
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
                                                  Job:  outline
                                                  Date: Sun Sep 17 11:04:58 1995

LPD appends a form feed after this text so the job starts on a new page (unless you have sf (suppress form feeds) in the destination printer's entry in /etc/printcap).

If you prefer, LPD can make a short header; specify sb (short banner) in the /etc/printcap file. The header page will look like this:

    rose:kelly  Job: outline  Date: Sun Sep 17 11:07:51 1995

Also by default, LPD prints the header page first, then the job. To reverse that, specify hl (header last) in /etc/printcap.

11.4.2.3 Accounting for Header Pages

Using LPD's built-in header pages enforces a particular paradigm when it comes to printer accounting: header pages must be free of charge.

Why?

Because the output filter is the only external program that will have control when the header page is printed that could do accounting, and it is not provided with any user or host information or an accounting file, so it has no idea whom to charge for printer use. It is also not enough to just ``add one page'' to the text filter or any of the conversion filters (which do have user and host information) since users can suppress header pages with lpr -h. They could still be charged for header pages they did not print. Basically, lpr -h will be the preferred option of environmentally-minded users, but you cannot offer any incentive to use it.

It is still not enough to have each of the filters generate their own header pages (thereby being able to charge for them). If users wanted the option of suppressing the header pages with lpr -h, they will still get them and be charged for them since LPD does not pass any knowledge of the -h option to any of the filters.

So, what are your options?

You can:

• Accept LPD's paradigm and make header pages free.

• Install an alternative to LPD, such as LPRng. Section Alternatives to the Standard Spooler tells more about other spooling software you can substitute for LPD.

• Write a smart output filter. Normally, an output filter is not meant to do anything more than initialize a printer or do some simple character conversion. It is suited for header pages and plain text jobs (when there is no text (input) filter). But, if there is a text filter for the plain text jobs, then LPD will start the output filter only for the header pages. And the output filter can parse the header page text that LPD generates to determine what user and host to charge for the header page. The only other problem with this method is that the output filter still does not know what accounting file to use (it is not passed the name of the file from the af capability), but if you have a well-known accounting file, you can hard-code that into the output filter. To facilitate the parsing step, use the sh (short header) capability in /etc/printcap. Then again, all that might be too much trouble, and users will certainly appreciate the more generous system administrator who makes header pages free.

11.4.2.4 Header Pages on PostScript Printers

As described above, LPD can generate a plain text header page suitable for many printers. Of course, PostScript cannot directly print plain text, so the header page feature of LPD is useless--or mostly so.

One obvious way to get header pages is to have every conversion filter and the text filter generate the header page. The filters should use the user and host arguments to generate a suitable header page. The drawback of this method is that users will always get a header page, even if they submit jobs with lpr -h.

Let us explore this method. The following script takes three arguments (user login name, host name, and job name) and makes a simple PostScript header page:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  make-ps-header - make a PostScript header page on stdout
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header
    #
    
    #
    #  These are PostScript units (72 to the inch).  Modify for A4 or
    #  whatever size paper you are using:
    #
    page_width=612
    page_height=792
    border=72
    
    #
    #  Check arguments
    #
    if [ $# -ne 3 ]; then
        echo "Usage: `basename $0` <user> <host> <job>" 1>&2
        exit 1
    fi
    
    #
    #  Save these, mostly for readability in the PostScript, below.
    #
    user=$1
    host=$2
    job=$3
    date=`date`
    
    #
    #  Send the PostScript code to stdout.
    #
    exec cat <<EOF
    %!PS
    
    %
    %  Make sure we do not interfere with user's job that will follow
    %
    save
    
    %
    %  Make a thick, unpleasant border around the edge of the paper.
    %
    $border $border moveto
    $page_width $border 2 mul sub 0 rlineto
    0 $page_height $border 2 mul sub rlineto
    currentscreen 3 -1 roll pop 100 3 1 roll setscreen
    $border 2 mul $page_width sub 0 rlineto closepath
    0.8 setgray 10 setlinewidth stroke 0 setgray
    
    %
    %  Display user's login name, nice and large and prominent
    %
    /Helvetica-Bold findfont 64 scalefont setfont
    $page_width ($user) stringwidth pop sub 2 div $page_height 200 sub moveto
    ($user) show
    
    %
    %  Now show the boring particulars
    %
    /Helvetica findfont 14 scalefont setfont
    /y 200 def
    [ (Job:) (Host:) (Date:) ] {
    200 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def }
    forall
    
    /Helvetica-Bold findfont 14 scalefont setfont
    /y 200 def
    [ ($job) ($host) ($date) ] {
            270 y moveto show /y y 18 sub def
    } forall
    
    %
    % That is it
    %
    restore
    showpage
    EOF

Now, each of the conversion filters and the text filter can call this script to first generate the header page, and then print the user's job. Here is the DVI conversion filter from earlier in this document, modified to make a header page:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  psdf - DVI to PostScript printer filter
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/psdf
    #
    #  Invoked by lpd when user runs lpr -d
    #
                    
    orig_args="$@"
    
    fail() {
        echo "$@" 1>&2
        exit 2
    }
    
    while getopts "x:y:n:h:" option; do
        case $option in
            x|y)  ;; # Ignore
            n)    login=$OPTARG ;;
            h)    host=$OPTARG ;;
            *)    echo "LPD started `basename $0` wrong." 1>&2
                  exit 2
                  ;;
        esac
    done
    
    [ "$login" ] || fail "No login name"
    [ "$host" ] || fail "No host name"
    
    ( /usr/local/libexec/make-ps-header $login $host "DVI File"
      /usr/local/bin/dvips -f ) | eval /usr/local/libexec/lprps $orig_args

Notice how the filter has to parse the argument list in order to determine the user and host name. The parsing for the other conversion filters is identical. The text filter takes a slightly different set of arguments, though (see section How Filters Work).

As we have mentioned before, the above scheme, though fairly simple, disables the ``suppress header page'' option (the -h option) to lpr. If users wanted to save a tree (or a few pennies, if you charge for header pages), they would not be able to do so, since every filter's going to print a header page with every job.

To allow users to shut off header pages on a per-job basis, you will need to use the trick introduced in section Accounting for Header Pages: write an output filter that parses the LPD-generated header page and produces a PostScript version. If the user submits the job with lpr -h, then LPD will not generate a header page, and neither will your output filter. Otherwise, your output filter will read the text from LPD and send the appropriate header page PostScript code to the printer.

If you have a PostScript printer on a serial line, you can make use of lprps, which comes with an output filter, psof, which does the above. Note that psof does not charge for header pages.

11.4.3.1 Printers Installed on Remote Hosts

The LPD spooling system has built-in support for sending jobs to other hosts also running LPD (or are compatible with LPD). This feature enables you to install a printer on one host and make it accessible from other hosts. It also works with printers that have network interfaces that understand the LPD protocol.

To enable this kind of remote printing, first install a printer on one host, the printer host, using the simple printer setup described in the Simple Printer Setup section. Do any advanced setup in Advanced Printer Setup that you need. Make sure to test the printer and see if it works with the features of LPD you have enabled. Also ensure that the local host has authorization to use the LPD service in the remote host (see Restricting Jobs from Remote Printers).

If you are using a printer with a network interface that is compatible with LPD, then the printer host in the discussion below is the printer itself, and the printer name is the name you configured for the printer. See the documentation that accompanied your printer and/or printer-network interface.

Then, on the other hosts you want to have access to the printer, make an entry in their /etc/printcap files with the following:

1. Name the entry anything you want. For simplicity, though, you probably want to use the same name and aliases as on the printer host.

2. Leave the lp capability blank, explicitly (:lp=:).

3. Make a spooling directory and specify its location in the sd capability. LPD will store jobs here before they get sent to the printer host.

4. Place the name of the printer host in the rm capability.

5. Place the printer name on the printer host in the rp capability.

That is it. You do not need to list conversion filters, page dimensions, or anything else in the /etc/printcap file.

Here is an example. The host rose has two printers, bamboo and rattan. We will enable users on the host orchid to print to those printers. Here is the /etc/printcap file for orchid (back from section Enabling Header Pages). It already had the entry for the printer teak; we have added entries for the two printers on the host rose:

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host orchid - added (remote) printers on rose
    #
    
    #
    #  teak is local; it is connected directly to orchid:
    #
    teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:\
            :vf=/usr/local/libexec/vfhp:\
            :of=/usr/local/libexec/ofhp:
    
    #
    #  rattan is connected to rose; send jobs for rattan to rose:
    #
    rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
            :lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:
    
    #
    #  bamboo is connected to rose as well:
    #
    bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
            :lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:

Then, we just need to make spooling directories on orchid:

    # mkdir -p /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo
    # chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo
    # chown daemon:daemon /var/spool/lpd/rattan /var/spool/lpd/bamboo

Now, users on orchid can print to rattan and bamboo. If, for example, a user on orchid typed

    % lpr -P bamboo -d sushi-review.dvi

11.4.3.2 Printers with Networked Data Stream Interfaces

Often, when you buy a network interface card for a printer, you can get two versions: one which emulates a spooler (the more expensive version), or one which just lets you send data to it as if you were using a serial or parallel port (the cheaper version). This section tells how to use the cheaper version. For the more expensive one, see the previous section Printers Installed on Remote Hosts.

The format of the /etc/printcap file lets you specify what serial or parallel interface to use, and (if you are using a serial interface), what baud rate, whether to use flow control, delays for tabs, conversion of newlines, and more. But there is no way to specify a connection to a printer that is listening on a TCP/IP or other network port.

To send data to a networked printer, you need to develop a communications program that can be called by the text and conversion filters. Here is one such example: the script netprint takes all data on standard input and sends it to a network-attached printer. We specify the hostname of the printer as the first argument and the port number to which to connect as the second argument to netprint. Note that this supports one-way communication only (FreeBSD to printer); many network printers support two-way communication, and you might want to take advantage of that (to get printer status, perform accounting, etc.).

    #!/usr/bin/perl
    #
    #  netprint - Text filter for printer attached to network
    #  Installed in /usr/local/libexec/netprint
    #
    $#ARGV eq 1 || die "Usage: $0 <printer-hostname> <port-number>";
    
    $printer_host = $ARGV[0];
    $printer_port = $ARGV[1];
    
    require 'sys/socket.ph';
    
    ($ignore, $ignore, $protocol) = getprotobyname('tcp');
    ($ignore, $ignore, $ignore, $ignore, $address)
        = gethostbyname($printer_host);
    
    $sockaddr = pack('S n a4 x8', &AF_INET, $printer_port, $address);
    
    socket(PRINTER, &PF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $protocol)
        || die "Can't create TCP/IP stream socket: $!";
    connect(PRINTER, $sockaddr) || die "Can't contact $printer_host: $!";
    while (<STDIN>) { print PRINTER; }
    exit 0;

We can then use this script in various filters. Suppose we had a Diablo 750-N line printer connected to the network. The printer accepts data to print on port number 5100. The host name of the printer is scrivener. Here is the text filter for the printer:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    #  diablo-if-net - Text filter for Diablo printer `scrivener' listening
    #  on port 5100.   Installed in /usr/local/libexec/diablo-if-net
    #
    exec /usr/libexec/lpr/lpf "$@" | /usr/local/libexec/netprint scrivener 5100

11.4.4.1 Restricting Multiple Copies

The LPD system makes it easy for users to print multiple copies of a file. Users can print jobs with lpr -#5 (for example) and get five copies of each file in the job. Whether this is a good thing is up to you.

If you feel multiple copies cause unnecessary wear and tear on your printers, you can disable the -# option to lpr(1) by adding the sc capability to the /etc/printcap file. When users submit jobs with the -# option, they will see:

    lpr: multiple copies are not allowed

Note that if you have set up access to a printer remotely (see section Printers Installed on Remote Hosts), you need the sc capability on the remote /etc/printcap files as well, or else users will still be able to submit multiple-copy jobs by using another host.

Here is an example. This is the /etc/printcap file for the host rose. The printer rattan is quite hearty, so we will allow multiple copies, but the laser printer bamboo is a bit more delicate, so we will disable multiple copies by adding the sc capability:

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host rose - restrict multiple copies on bamboo
    #
    rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:
    
    bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:\
            :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
            :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

Now, we also need to add the sc capability on the host orchid's /etc/printcap (and while we are at it, let us disable multiple copies for the printer teak):

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host orchid - no multiple copies for local
    #  printer teak or remote printer bamboo
    teak|hp|laserjet|Hewlett Packard LaserJet 3Si:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/teak:mx#0:sc:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/ifhp:\
            :vf=/usr/local/libexec/vfhp:\
            :of=/usr/local/libexec/ofhp:
    
    rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
            :lp=:rm=rose:rp=rattan:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:
    
    bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
            :lp=:rm=rose:rp=bamboo:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:

By using the sc capability, we prevent the use of lpr -#, but that still does not prevent users from running lpr(1) multiple times, or from submitting the same file multiple times in one job like this:

    % lpr forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign forsale.sign

There are many ways to prevent this abuse (including ignoring it) which you are free to explore.

11.4.4.2 Restricting Access To Printers

You can control who can print to what printers by using the Unix group mechanism and the rg capability in /etc/printcap. Just place the users you want to have access to a printer in a certain group, and then name that group in the rg capability.

Users outside the group (including root) will be greeted with ``lpr: Not a member of the restricted group'' if they try to print to the controlled printer.

As with the sc (suppress multiple copies) capability, you need to specify rg on remote hosts that also have access to your printers, if you feel it is appropriate (see section Printers Installed on Remote Hosts).

For example, we will let anyone access the printer rattan, but only those in group artists can use bamboo. Here is the familiar /etc/printcap for host rose:

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host rose - restricted group for bamboo
    #
    rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:
    
    bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:\
            :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
            :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

Let us leave the other example /etc/printcap file (for the host orchid) alone. Of course, anyone on orchid can print to bamboo. It might be the case that we only allow certain logins on orchid anyway, and want them to have access to the printer. Or not.

11.4.4.3 Controlling Sizes of Jobs Submitted

If you have many users accessing the printers, you probably need to put an upper limit on the sizes of the files users can submit to print. After all, there is only so much free space on the filesystem that houses the spooling directories, and you also need to make sure there is room for the jobs of other users.

LPD enables you to limit the maximum byte size a file in a job can be with the mx capability. The units are in BUFSIZ blocks, which are 1024 bytes. If you put a zero for this capability, there will be no limit on file size; however, if no mx capability is specified, then a default limit of 1000 blocks will be used.

LPD will not refuse a file that is larger than the limit you place on a printer. Instead, it will queue as much of the file up to the limit, which will then get printed. The rest will be discarded. Whether this is correct behavior is up for debate.

Let us add limits to our example printers rattan and bamboo. Since those artists' PostScript files tend to be large, we will limit them to five megabytes. We will put no limit on the plain text line printer:

    #
    #  /etc/printcap for host rose
    #
    
    #
    #  No limit on job size:
    #
    rattan|line|diablo|lp|Diablo 630 Line Printer:\
            :sh:mx#0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/rattan:\
            :lp=/dev/lpt0:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/if-simple:
    
    #
    #  Limit of five megabytes:
    #
    bamboo|ps|PS|S|panasonic|Panasonic KX-P4455 PostScript v51.4:\
            :sh:sd=/var/spool/lpd/bamboo:sc:rg=artists:mx#5000:\
            :lp=/dev/ttyd5:fs#0x82000e1:xs#0x820:rw:\
            :if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\
            :df=/usr/local/libexec/psdf:

Again, the limits apply to the local users only. If you have set up access to your printers remotely, remote users will not get those limits. You will need to specify the mx capability in the remote /etc/printcap files as well. See section Printers Installed on Remote Hosts for more information on remote printing.

There is another specialized way to limit job sizes from remote printers; see section Restricting Jobs from Remote Printers.

11.4.4.4 Restricting Jobs from Remote Printers

The LPD spooling system provides several ways to restrict print jobs submitted from remote hosts:

11.4.5.1 Quick and Dirty Printer Accounting

FreeBSD comes with two programs that can get you set up with simple periodic accounting right away. They are the text filter lpf, described in section lpf: a Text Filter, and pac(8), a program to gather and total entries from printer accounting files.

As mentioned in the section on filters (Filters), LPD starts the text and the conversion filters with the name of the accounting file to use on the filter command line. The filters can use this argument to know where to write an accounting file entry. The name of this file comes from the af capability in /etc/printcap, and if not specified as an absolute path, is relative to the spooling directory.

LPD starts lpf with page width and length arguments (from the pw and pl capabilities). lpf uses these arguments to determine how much paper will be used. After sending the file to the printer, it then writes an accounting entry in the accounting file. The entries look like this:

    2.00 rose:andy
    3.00 rose:kelly
    3.00 orchid:mary
    5.00 orchid:mary
    2.00 orchid:zhang

You should use a separate accounting file for each printer, as lpf has no file locking logic built into it, and two lpfs might corrupt each other's entries if they were to write to the same file at the same time. An easy way to insure a separate accounting file for each printer is to use af=acct in /etc/printcap. Then, each accounting file will be in the spooling directory for a printer, in a file named acct.

When you are ready to charge users for printouts, run the pac(8) program. Just change to the spooling directory for the printer you want to collect on and type pac. You will get a dollar-centric summary like the following:

      Login               pages/feet   runs    price
    orchid:kelly                5.00    1   $  0.10
    orchid:mary                31.00    3   $  0.62
    orchid:zhang                9.00    1   $  0.18
    rose:andy                   2.00    1   $  0.04
    rose:kelly                177.00  104   $  3.54
    rose:mary                  87.00   32   $  1.74
    rose:root                  26.00   12   $  0.52
    
    total                     337.00  154   $  6.74

These are the arguments pac(8) expects:

In the default summary that pac(8) produces, you see the number of pages printed by each user from various hosts. If, at your site, host does not matter (because users can use any host), run pac -m, to produce the following summary:

      Login               pages/feet   runs    price
    andy                        2.00    1   $  0.04
    kelly                     182.00  105   $  3.64
    mary                      118.00   35   $  2.36
    root                       26.00   12   $  0.52
    zhang                       9.00    1   $  0.18
    
    total                     337.00  154   $  6.74

To compute the dollar amount due, pac(8) uses the pc capability in the /etc/printcap file (default of 200, or 2 cents per page). Specify, in hundredths of cents, the price per page or per foot you want to charge for printouts in this capability. You can override this value when you run pac(8) with the -p option. The units for the -p option are in dollars, though, not hundredths of cents. For example,

    # pac -p1.50

Finally, running pac -s will save the summary information in a summary accounting file, which is named the same as the printer's accounting file, but with _sum appended to the name. It then truncates the accounting file. When you run pac(8) again, it rereads the summary file to get starting totals, then adds information from the regular accounting file.

11.4.5.2 How Can You Count Pages Printed?

In order to perform even remotely accurate accounting, you need to be able to determine how much paper a job uses. This is the essential problem of printer accounting.

For plain text jobs, the problem is not that hard to solve: you count how many lines are in a job and compare it to how many lines per page your printer supports. Do not forget to take into account backspaces in the file which overprint lines, or long logical lines that wrap onto one or more additional physical lines.

The text filter lpf (introduced in lpf: a Text Filter) takes into account these things when it does accounting. If you are writing a text filter which needs to do accounting, you might want to examine lpf's source code.

How do you handle other file formats, though?

Well, for DVI-to-LaserJet or DVI-to-PostScript conversion, you can have your filter parse the diagnostic output of dvilj or dvips and look to see how many pages were converted. You might be able to do similar things with other file formats and conversion programs.

But these methods suffer from the fact that the printer may not actually print all those pages. For example, it could jam, run out of toner, or explode--and the user would still get charged.

So, what can you do?

There is only one sure way to do accurate accounting. Get a printer that can tell you how much paper it uses, and attach it via a serial line or a network connection. Nearly all PostScript printers support this notion. Other makes and models do as well (networked Imagen laser printers, for example). Modify the filters for these printers to get the page usage after they print each job and have them log accounting information based on that value only. There is no line counting nor error-prone file examination required.

Of course, you can always be generous and make all printouts free.