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4.5 Using the Ports Collection

The following sections provide basic instructions on using the ports collection to install or remove programs from your system.

4.5.1 Obtaining the Ports Collection

Before you can install ports, you must first obtain the ports collection--which is essentially a set of Makefiles, patches, and description files placed in /usr/ports.

When installing your FreeBSD system, Sysinstall asked if you would like to install the ports collection. If you chose no, you can follow these instructions to obtain the ports collection:

Sysinstall Method

This method involves using sysinstall again to manually install the ports collection.

  1. As root, run /stand/sysinstall as shown below:

        # /stand/sysinstall
    
  2. Scroll down and select Configure, press Enter.

  3. Scroll down and select Distributions, press Enter.

  4. Scroll down to ports, press Space.

  5. Scroll up to Exit, press Enter.

  6. Select your desired installation media, such as CDROM, FTP, and so on.

  7. Follow the menus to exit sysinstall.

The alternative method to obtain and keep your ports collection up to date is by using CVSup. Look at the ports CVSup file, /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile. See Using CVSup (Section A.6) for more information on using CVSup and the mentioned file.

CVSup Method

This is a quick method to getting the ports collection using CVSup. If you want to keep your ports tree up to date, or learn more about CVSup, read the previously mentioned sections.

  1. Install the net/cvsup port. See CVSup Installation (Section A.6.2) for more details.

  2. As root, copy /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile to a new location, such as /root or your home directory.

  3. Edit ports-supfile.

  4. Change CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org to a CVSup server near you. See CVSup Mirrors (Section A.6.7) for a complete listing of mirror sites.

  5. Run cvsup:

        # cvsup -g -L 2 /root/ports-supfile
    
  6. Running this consequent times at later dates will download all the recent changes to your ports collection.

4.5.2 Installing Ports

The first thing that should be explained when it comes to the ports collection is what is actually meant by a ``skeleton''. In a nutshell, a port skeleton is a minimal set of files that tell your FreeBSD system how to cleanly compile and install a program. Each port skeleton includes:

Some ports have other files, such as pkg-message. The ports system uses these files to handle special situations. If you want more details on these files, and on ports in general, check out the FreeBSD Porter's Handbook.

Now that you have enough background information to know what the ports collection is used for, you are ready to install your first port. There are two ways this can be done, and each is explained below.

Before we get into that however, you will need to choose a port to install. There are a few ways to do this, with the easiest method being the ports listing on the FreeBSD web site. You can browse through the ports listed there or use the search function on the site. Each port also includes a description so you can read a bit about each port before deciding to install it.

Another method is to use the whereis(1) command. Simply type whereis file, where file is the program you want to install. If it is found on your system, you will be told where it is, like so:

    # whereis lsof
    lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

This tells us that lsof (a system utility) can be found in the /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof directory.

Yet another way of finding a particular port is by using the ports collection's built-in search mechanism. To use the search feature, you will need to be in the /usr/ports directory. Once in that directory, run make search name=program-name where program-name is the name of the program you want to find. For example, if you were looking for lsof:

    # cd /usr/ports
    # make search name=lsof
    Port:   lsof-4.56.4
    Path:   /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
    Info:   Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1))
    Maint:  [email protected]
    Index:  sysutils
    B-deps: 
    R-deps:

The part of the output you want to pay particular attention to is the ``Path:'' line, since that tells you where to find it. The other information provided is not needed in order to install the port directly, so it will not be covered here.

For more in-depth searching you can also use make search key=string where string is some text to search for. This searches port names, comments, descriptions and dependencies and can be used to find ports which relate to a particular subject if you don't know the name of the program you are looking for.

In both of these cases, the search string is case-insensitive. Searching for ``LSOF'' will yield the same results as searching for ``lsof''.

Note: You must be the root user to install ports.

Now that you have found a port you would like to install, you are ready to do the actual installation. The port includes instructions on how to build source code, but no actual source code. You can get the source code from a CDROM or from the Internet. Source code is distributed in whatever manner the software author desires. Frequently this is a tarred and gzipped file, but it might be compressed with some other tool or even uncompressed. The program source code, whatever form it comes in, is called a ``distfile''. You can get the distfile from a CDROM or from the Internet.

4.5.2.1 Installing Ports from a CDROM

The FreeBSD Project's official CDROM images no longer include distfiles. They take up a lot of room that is better used by precompiled packages. CDROM products such as the FreeBSD PowerPak do include distfiles, and you can order these sets from a vendor such as the FreeBSD Mall. This section assumes you have such a FreeBSD CDROM set.

Place your FreeBSD CDROM in the drive. Mount it on /cdrom. (If you use a different mount point, the install will not work.) To begin, change to the directory for the port you want to install:

    # cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

Once inside the lsof directory, you will see the port skeleton. The next step is to compile (also called build) the port. This is done by simply typing make at the prompt. Once you have done so, you should see something like this:

    # make
    >> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
    >> Attempting to fetch from file:/cdrom/ports/distfiles/.
    ===>  Extracting for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [extraction output snipped]
    ...
    >> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
    ===>  Patching for lsof-4.57
    ===>  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
    ===>  Configuring for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [configure output snipped]
    ...
    ===>  Building for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [compilation output snipped]
    ...
    #

Take notice that once the compile is complete you are returned to your prompt. The next step is to install the port. In order to install it, you simply need to tack one word onto the make command, and that word is install:

    # make install
    ===>  Installing for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [installation output snipped]
    ...
    ===>   Generating temporary packing list
    ===>   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
    ===>   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
    ===>  SECURITY NOTE: 
          This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
          increased privileges.
    #

Once you are returned to your prompt, you should be able to run the application you just installed. Since lsof is a program that runs with increased privileges, a security warning is shown. During the building and installation of ports, you should take heed of any other warnings that may appear.

Note: You can save an extra step by just running make install instead of make and make install as two separate steps.

Note: Some shells keep a cache of the commands that are available in the directories listed in the PATH environment variable, to speed up lookup operations for the executable file of these commands. If you are using one of these shells, you might have to use the rehash command after installing a port, before the newly installed commands can be used. This is true for both shells that are part of the base-system (such as tcsh) and shells that are available as ports (for instance, shells/zsh).

Note: Please be aware that the licenses of a few ports do not allow for inclusion on the CDROM. This could be because a registration form needs to be filled out before downloading, redistribution is not allowed, and so on. If you wish to install a port not included on the CDROM, you will need to be online in order to do so (see the next section).

4.5.2.2 Installing Ports from the Internet

As with the last section, this section makes an assumption that you have a working Internet connection. If you do not, you will need to perform the CDROM installation.

Installing a port from the Internet is done exactly the same way as it would be if you were installing from a CDROM. The only difference between the two is that the port distfile is downloaded from the Internet instead of pulled from the CDROM.

The steps involved are identical:

    # make install
    >> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
    >> Attempting to fetch from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/.
    Receiving lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz (439860 bytes): 100%
    439860 bytes transferred in 18.0 seconds (23.90 kBps)
    ===>  Extracting for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [extraction output snipped]
    ...
    >> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
    ===>  Patching for lsof-4.57
    ===>  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
    ===>  Configuring for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [configure output snipped]
    ...
    ===>  Building for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [compilation output snipped]
    ...
    ===>  Installing for lsof-4.57
    ...
    [installation output snipped]
    ...
    ===>   Generating temporary packing list
    ===>   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
    ===>   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
    ===>  SECURITY NOTE: 
          This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
          increased privileges.
    #

As you can see, the only difference is the line that tells you where the system is fetching the port distfile from.

The ports system uses fetch(1) to download the files, which honours various environment variables, including FTP_PASSIVE_MODE, FTP_PROXY, and FTP_PASSWORD. You may need to set one or more of these if you are behind a firewall, or need to use an FTP/HTTP proxy. See fetch(3) for the complete list.

4.5.3 Removing Installed Ports

Now that you know how to install ports, you are probably wondering how to remove them, just in case you install one and later on you decide that you installed the wrong port. We will remove our previous example (which was lsof for those of you not paying attention). As with installing ports, the first thing you must do is change to the port directory, /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof. After you change directories, you are ready to uninstall lsof. This is done with the make deinstall command:

    # cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
    # make deinstall
    ===>  Deinstalling for lsof-4.57

That was easy enough. You have removed lsof from your system. If you would like to reinstall it, you can do so by running make reinstall from the /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof directory.

The make deinstall and make reinstall sequence does not work once you have run make clean. If you want to deinstall a port after cleaning, use pkg_delete(1) as discussed in the Packages section of the Handbook.

This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.

For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <[email protected]>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <[email protected]>.




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